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Gender as a Category of Analysis, In HIV/AIDS and the Gendering of Stigma…

- - - - The authors point out that intervention work has assumed women cooking fuelwood on their at-home chulhas and therefore efforts have been focused on decreasing emissions and ensuring their safety, but this in turn has caused interventions to not address the sometimes more severe environmental impacts of more commercial fuelwood uses typically associated with men (Khandelwal 253).
        
        The authors write that this lack of context “renders wider fuelwood economies and male activities irrelevant” (Khandelwal 250) when really they need to be part of the equation.
- - - - The “feminist cover story” has been perceived as a direct threat to men, something which would be completely missed if researchers were studying women rather than gender as a category of analysis.
        
        Radhakrishnan and Solari map how the emergence of this feminist cover story has in turn caused men to panic and resort to misogyny to regain what they view as their role in society. They write, “together, misogyny and homophobia produce clear boundaries around race, sexuality, and national security, all of which are needed for contestations of status and hierarchy in domestic and international arenas.” (Radhakrishnan and Solari 128).
        
        Radhakrishnan and Solari are then able to tie the emergence of the “manly protector” to the “feminist cover story,” arguing that the sociopolitical behavior of men at the current moment developed alongside and in response to the moment for women, not independently. They tie this emergence of “manly protectors” to right wing populism.
        
        Gal and Kilgman also stress in their work that utilizing gender as a category of analysis for a time of transition has left them with a sound understanding of that moment of transition as a whole, and while their work focuses on post-soviet Europe rather than the rise of right wing populism, both sets of authors share an appreciation for the importance of looking to understand how times of sociopolitical transitions can become gendered.
        
        The two authors discuss in their text how the gendering of different aspects of society shifted after the end of soviet rule. Under socialism, women were one with the state, but there was a shift in the meaning of civil society and NGOs as civil society became re-coded as feminized. They write, “women’s and men’s differential political participation in East Central Europe calls for a reconceptualization of the gendering of civil society, as well as for a discussion of the effects that international support for nongovernmental organizations has on political action.” (Gal and Kilgman 14).
        
        Discussing how men have adapted to this gender order, they write, “They must battle in a competitive field where the characteristics of manliness -- dominance, strength, and violence when necessary -- are parts of the competitive currency in the international arena where nations or organized groups within the nation seek to claim superiority or dominance over others.” (Radhakrishnan and Solari 127) .
- - - - In The Politics of Gender after Socialism, authors Susan Gal and Gail Kligman utilize gender as a framework of analysis on post-soviet politics. In using this framework, they map the ways in which a gendered public/private distinction influenced policymaking in post-soviet Europe.
        
        Gal and Kligman ask excellent questions to utilize gender as a category of analysis. They ask, “how are gender relations and ideas about gender shaping political and economic change in the region? And what forms of gender inequality are being shaped as a result?” (Gal and Kligman 1)
      - In her work, Van Hollen also examines this public/private distinction as she seeks to utilize gender as a category of analysis, leading to her arguments as to how the gendering of HIV/AIDS is dependent on public vs. private contexts.
  - - - She writes, “gender is a constitutive element of social relationships based on perceived differences between the sexes, and gender is a primary way of signifying relationships of power” (Scott 1067).
    - - In the first few pages of their book, Gal and Kligman make it clear that in their work, “gender is defined here as the socially and culturally produced ideas about male-female difference, power, and inequality that structure the reproduction of these differences in the institutionalized practices of society” ( Gal and Kligman 4).