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Attachment, Attachment, Bailey et al 2007 - Coggle Diagram
Attachment
Attachment
Institutionalisation + Deprevation
ERA
'effects of institutionalisation'
Reffers to:
Effects of deprivation seen through the experiences of orphans
which are raised in an orphanage / children's home
Romania has a surplus of orphans stemming from harsh laws placed by dictator Ceausescu
Banning contraception and abortion = high offspring numbers
Children who couldnt be cared for when to orphanages
Rutter et al 2010
165 Romanian kids spent their childhood years in Romanian orphanages
They were institutionalised
54 adopted by age four
111 adopted by British parents before age two
Each adoptee was assessed at regular intervals
Psychical
Social
Emotional
development assesed
Interviews with adoptees’ teachers and adoptive parents
Progress of Romanian adoptees compared to control group of 52 British adopted kids (adopted before age of 6M)
Findings
Adoptees under-performed compared to control group in all 3 measures
By 4Y, Romanian adoptees adopted before age 6M are on the same level as British children
For those who were adopted after 6M they continued to be developmentally delayed
Disinhibited attachment
At 11 intellectual progress made by adopted kids was correlated to age of adoption
Kids adopted before 6M had mean IQ of 102
Kids adopted between 6M-2Y had mean IQ 86
Those adopted after 2Y had mean IQ 77
Differences remained till 16
Becket et al 2010
Institutionalisation is reversible if children have the opportunity to form attachments
Earlier the better
Evaluation
Pros
Real world application of ERA
More understanding on institutionalisations effects on kids
Physical
Development
Emotional
Imporvments to conditions of a child's care in foster and orphanages
Permanent instituionalisation is avoided and more care for kids to be adopted and fostered
Adoption is aimed to be within first week of life
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Social
Cognitive
ERA project has minimal cofounding variables
Kids from romanian orphanages have commonalities
Most given up by loving families who were too poor rather than
Abuse
fewer cofounding variables affecting the findings so more internal validity
Personal Death
War
Cons
Data was not followed into adulthood
Lack of data of adoptees in adult life has lead to queries for long term impacts institutionalisation on:
Maintaining employment
So kids which hadn’t been in line with the control group may have now in adulthood
Forming adult relationships
Mental health
ERA has few cofounding variables
Kids of the ERA project suffered neglect while instituitionalised
& lacked physical care and intellectual stimulation
so what appeared to be the effects of institutionalisation was actually just effects of neglected institutionalisation
Results can’t be generalised to all institutionalised kids
Bowlbys Maternal Dep. 1953
Maternal deprivation: separation between caregiver and child
consequences can be imposed onto emotional and intellectual development
Seen by Delayed IQs
Godfarb 1974 found orphans had lower IQs than those of fostered or adopted kids
Seen by delayed or limited emotional development
So they become 'Affectionateless psychopaths'
Lack emotion,affection and remorse for actions
It has been shown that prolonged seperation from the primary caregiver will have long term effects
as there is an absence of emotional care
Deprivation = Lack of emotional care (even if caregiver present)
Seperation = Child is not in the presence of their primary attachment figure
No large impact onto Childs development if emotional care is substituted
Extended seperation can lead to deprivation which does have emotional harm
1944 Thieves Study
88 kids from the Child Guidance Clinic, London are emotionally maladjusted
1/2 have been prosecuted for theft while the other 1/2 are not (control)
Thieves are expected to show signs to being affectionateless psychopaths
As it is an indicator of theivery
Families interviewed by Bowlby seeing if thieves had prolonged periods of separation from their caregivers
continual or repeated stays in hospital/foster homes
Matched in age and IQ
Findings
14 of 44 theives were affectionateless psychopath
86% of the 14 theives has prolonged seperation in first 2yrs of life
Of the control only 2 had underwent prolonged separation
Bowlby correlates prolonged + early separation to affectionless psychopathy
Theory
Mother love in infancy/childhood is as important for mental health as are vitamins and proteins for physical health
Bowlby belives the critical period is the first 2.5 yrs of life
emotional and psychological development are occuring in this time period
Prolonged / Frequent seperation from primary giver will cause psychological damage
IF NO SUBSTITUTE!!!
Risk of psychological damage is possible till 5 y.o
Evaluation
Pros
Bowlby changed how people thought to raise and care for kids
His work had a positive effect on how children were treated during separation from parents (especially within hospital stays)
led to social change in child care within hospitals
Real world applications to bowlbys work
highlighted importance of maternal care
Studies have support for Bowlbys findings on maternal deprivation
Research of women who were separated from their mother for 1yr or more found
25% had faced depression or anxiety disorder
WHILE
15% had faced depression or anxiety disorder (control group of no separation occurring)
the intensity of mental health was greater in those who experienced separation before age six
supported Bowlbys idea of a critical period and it having long lasting consequences
Cons
Evidince has been shown to be flawed
He himself conducted the interviews with the family and kids
Could lead to biased findings since he may expect certain kids to be affectionless psychopaths due to their background
unethical conclusion and such a study is distorted by investigator effects
Bowlby may have mixed deprivation and privation
Deprevation: Attachment is formed and then has been broken
infant is deprived of that attachment or emotional care they had
Privation: Attachment has never been formed
Rutter 1981
found privation was linked to affectionateless psychopathy than deprivation
44 Theives may have never formed attachment within early life
Suggests Bowlby may have placed too much blame on effect of deprivation on kids development
Harlows Monkey Study (EXTENDED)
BEI
Zeanah et al 2005
Procedure
95 Romanians aged 12-31M
Ainsworth procedure carried out to find attachment styles
disinhibited attachment assessed from caregiver feedback
Control comparison was 50 kids who were never instituiaonlised
Findings
74% of control were securely attached
19% of romanian were securely attached
Disorganised Attachemnt (Type D) was within
less than 20% of control
44% of institutionalised
Early attachments effect on Later relationships
Internal Working Model
Bowlby suggests child will use attachment to its primary figure as a basis and grid in how their own relationship should look like
Infant with loving & nurturing first experience of relationships will likely have healthy and functional relationships
due to it being the assumed dynamic of relationships
likely to have secure attachment behaviour
Infant with negative relationship as a first experience of relationship will likely have unhealthy and dysfunctional relationships
due to it being the assumed dynamic of relationships
likely to have insecure-avoidant or insecure-resistant
Adulthood
Hazan & Shaver 1987
(Relationships)
Procedure
Hazan & Shaver devised a “Love Quiz”
Printed into small towns magazine in US called Rocky Mountain News
Questionnaire assessed internal working model via questions around
love
relationships
attachment experiences
3 parts
Participants’ attitude to love
Attachment styles from the participants’ childhood
Adult attachment types
620 Responses
415 F
205 M
Findings
% of romantic attachment types was similar to participant’s early attachment behaviour
25% avoidant
56% securely
19% resistant
Positive correlation between attachment style and romantic relationship experiences
Avoidant
6 years avg
Jealousy, Fear of intimacy and reluctance to commit
Securely
10 years avg
Happy, Trusting, Acceptance
Resistant
5 years avg
Extreme lows and highs, Fear of abandonment
Aim: Observe association between early attachment and adult relationships
Mental Health
affected by a person's internal working model
Lacking attachment in child infancy and critical period lead to poor internal working model
'attachment disorders'
Experiences of severe neglect
inability to interact functionally with others
No preferred attachment figure
Parenting
Quiton et al 1984
studied women who’d been institutionalised (therefore a bad internal working model)
found poorer social functioning and parenting difficulties in the institutionalised mothers
compared to a control group of non institutionalised
Evaluation
Cons
Cofunding variables
may lower validity of these findings
Parenting styles can influence attachment types and quality of relationships later in life
Infant temperament can affect parent response influence the attachment bonds
Affecting later attachment
Attachment quality in childhood may be affected by genetic influences
Personality Types
relies on a retrospective assessment
Studies involve assessing adults via questions about early life
Then childhood attachment types are identified via findings
Method lowers validity of findings
As honesty or accuracy may be questionable especially when someone is older
Retrospective assessment bring cofounding variables (inaccurate memories) leading to incorrect conclusions
Pros
Supporting research
Meta analysis on early attachments and its role in socio-economic development concluded
Early attachment patterns are predictors of later attachments and relationships
Implying securely attached infants go onto form successful relationships in adulthood
Longitudunal studies support idea of early attachment influencing relationships later in life
Participants of which were securely attached as infants went onto having
Form closer friendships with peers
Express emotions healthily in relationships
Greater social-emotional skills
Gives supporting evidence that attachment types within infants predict relationships in adult life
Childhood
Relationships a child forms can be affected by early childhood experiences of attachment
Seculary
Form healthy and functional friendship
Have confidence in social skills at adolescence
Are more popular and empathetic children
With higher development of emotional skills
Research has shown link between bullying and attachment
Wilson & Smith 1988
Assesd attachment type + bullying involvement w/ questionnaire
196 kids from London aged 7-11
Resistant
More likely to be bullies
Avoidant
More likely to be victims of bullying
Securley
nlikley to be involved in bullying or victims of bullying
Types of Attachment + Variations in cultures
Ainsworth 1971
Procedure
Research room grided into 16 sqaures
106 middle class infants observed
Group of observers collected data on infant behaviours
Infant behaviour is observed in relation to
Reunion with caregiver
Response to stranger
Seperation from caregiver
Experimentation of exploration from secure base
Categorised into either group and given an intensity rating from 1-7
Contact & Interaction
Resisting
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Proximity & Contact
Avoiding
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Seeking
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Contact maintaining behaviour
Holding caregiver
Searching Behaviour
Following caregiver
For 3 mins in 8 episodic intreveals
To observe their movements
Mother + Infant settle into a room and mother will form the secure base as she plays with child
Stranger quietly enters and sits besides mother
Stranger talks to mother after a period of silence and then plays with child
Mother eventually leaves room
Stranger tries to interact with child
Mother eventually re enters & stranger leaves
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Evaluations
Cons
lacked ecological validity
artificial environment + Episodes occur in unlikely real life scenarios
Infants attachment behaviour not activated due to artificial environment
Wrong classification of attachment = reduced validity
culture bound + lack of generalisability
Research done of Western European and US middle class infants
mainly applicable to these cultures
Ijzendoorn + Kroonberg findings in collectivist culttures
Pros
good predictivity validity for childrens later development
assigned “secure attachment” had better outcomes in education + relationships when compared to type A & C later in life
type of attachment was real and showed validity in the study
good inter-rater reliability
Agreement found within 94% of attachment types of cases
certainty that stranger situation is not subjective regarding attachment type
Ijzendoorn & Kroonberg 1988
Procedure
Meta analyse 32 studies and investigate inter-cultural diff. + intra-cultural diff.
Inter = Differing cultures compared
Intra = Same cultures compared
Study assesed Stanger situation results from 2000 kids across 8 countries
Findings
Wide inter cultural differences in attachement
75% B in UK
50% B in CN
B attachment was most common
Individualist cultures had C at below 14%
Individualist cultrues which also supported independency had high lvls of A
In collectevist cultures C was in 25% + of infants
Variations of intracultural studies were 150% greater than intercultural which was minimal
B varied within the US between 90% to 46%
UK // US // JP // CN // NL // DE // IL // SE
Evaluation
Pros
High Reliability
All studies used stranger situation so comparisons were using a standardised procedure
Robust cross cultural comparison as large sample size = more data
Cons
Comparisons were more so between countries than cultures
Within a country there is a large scale of cultures
Sagi 2001
Attachment of JP varied
Tokyo had more type B alike to Western countries
Rural areas has more Type C
Cofounding variables by using meta analysis
Socioeconomic status
Methodology of stranger situation may have varied/changed
Social Class
Urban or rural living
Age
Cultural Variation
How ones behaviour is a products of their cultural norms & social practices and how they impact the development of a child
Animal Imprinting
Imprinting
When offspring follows the first moving object it sees once born
Lorenzs Goslings 1935
Evaluation
Corroberating Research & Application
Hess (1958)
carried out a similar study in 1958
BUT
on ducklings
findings were similar
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dramatic application of imprinting is
reintroduction of migratory birds into
areas where they've become extinct
By incubating chicks from other areas and
letting them imprint onto humans
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Influenced other research
research influenced research onto human attachments
Indicated the importance of the
early bond with a parent and the critical period.
Bowlby used Lorenz's and Harlow's ideas in
developing his theories of human attachments
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Practical influence into
how child care is administered
Conflicting research & generalisability issues
Guiton (1966)
found that chicken who imprinted on
yellow washing up gloves
would try to mate with them as adults
matches up with Lorenz's idea of
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HOWEVER
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Lorenz's research was into birds
Some of his findings influenced our understanding of
human development
BUT
there's a problem in generalising findings from geese to humans
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Procedure
Lorenz randomly splits clutch of goose eggs into ½
One group is left with the mother in the natural habitat (Control)
One group placed in an incubator (Experimental)
Once hatched
Controls first sight of a living and moving thing was
their natural mother
Once all were hatched
Lorenz mixed up all the goslings to observe their behaviour
Experimental's first sight of a living and moving thing was
Lorenz
Findings
Goslings from control followed their natural mother
Goslings from experimental followed Lorenz - they imprinted on him
Lorenz identified the critical imprinting period
If exposed to no moving object at all during critical period
attachment to a “mother” wont occur
Impritining does not occur
varies on bird type
13-16H once goslings hatched
Harlows Monkey Study 1958
Procedure
2 fake rudimentary wire monkey mothers were made
Differing head type
Differing body type
One with no padding just wire
One cover in cloth
8 rhesus monkeys were exposed to both the differing mothers for 165 days
the mother made of wire and wood dispenses milk in a bottle
the cloth and foam rubber mother does not dispense milk
Data was collected on how much time monkeys spent with each monkey mother
Observations also made on monkeys being scared reaction
Findings
All 8 spent majority of time with cloth mother monkey
Monkeys only spent time with wire mother for feeding and promptly returned to cloth after
Implied contact and comfort is how attachment is formed opposed to feeding
When playing/investigating new objects they held onto cloth mothers arm
When scared all monkeys held onto cloth mother
Evaluation
Generalisation & Human-Monkey Diff.
Harlow used monkeys so we can't generalise the findings to humans
significant differences between monkeys and humans
MEANING
attachments form for different reasons in humans than in monkeys
Critics observed that
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monkeys chosen had a 94% similarity to humans
HOWEVER
small difference in DNA has a huge impact
EXAMPLE
human and chimp DNA only differs by 1.2%
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We can't assume that human infants
would react the same way
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Ethical issue
The baby monkeys weren't able to form attachments
with
their own species due to
being reared in isolation
They were unable to socialise with members
resulting in bullying by own species
suffered permanent damage to their
suffered permanent damage to their
development
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Counter point:
benefits arising from his research are important
they justify the suffering inflicted
Application & Generalisation
Useful applications in a range of practical contexts
example
has helped social workers to identify
AND
understand risk factors in child neglect and abuse
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Findings also important regarding
proper care of baby monkeys in zoos
AND
breeding programs in the wild
Easier to generalise to humans
COMPARED TO
Lorenz's research
because
monkeys are more similar to humans
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Long Term
Harlow observed monkeys into adulthood to investigate maternal deprivation
Monkeys developed abnormally and dysfunctionally when raised with a wire mother
Less sociable
Less breeding
Attacked offspring if breeding succeeded
More aggresive
Harlow suggested a critical period for dysfunctional behaviour
Monkeys who socialised with others pre 3M.O
showed some abnormal behaviour could be reversed
Monkeys who spent 6M.O in isolation with only the wire mother
didn't recover to normal monkey behaviour
Harlow's findings contradicted the leading ideas for attachment
Monkeys spent more time with the cloth mother despite not being fed by it
leading ideas suggested attachment was formed by association of caregiver and food
Harlows evidence implies baby monkeys dont form attachment on basis of nutrition and food but rather contact comfort
Human explanations for A.
Bowlbys Monotropism
Critical Period for attachment forming is between 3-6M with 6M being the most sensitive point
If attachment isn't made at this point then it becomes increasingly difficult later on
How?
Babies have innate behaviour to aid caregiver forming attachment w baby
i.e; smiling // cooing // gripping
'Social Releasers'
Trigger adults to interact w/ baby to form attachment
If responsive the attachment between the two is made stronger
Internal Working Model
Bowlby suggests child will use attachment to its primary figure as a basis and grid in how their own relationship should look like
Bowlby thinks attachment is innate & evolutionary survival technique
Caregiver attaches to ensure survival of infant
Infants attach for protection, food & nurture
Evaluation
Cons
Emerson 1964: Children aged 10-11M were able to form multiple strong attachments to a variety of caregivers
Monotropy is wrong
Rutter etal 2010: ERA were able to still form attachment after the 3-6M critical period
The cirtical period was found to be 36M and the senstivie point being 3-6M
Pros
Lorenz 1935: Found impriting was innate as goslings auto. impritned onto him
Supports that attachment is evolutionary and aids survivial
Evidince supports 'social realsers' being a thing
Babies will become more distress as caregiver ignores social releasers
Babies will enact on attention seeking behaviours to draw in caregiver(s)
Validates concept of social releasers
Mono
Bowlby thinks there is only one primary key caregiver
More time spent w primary caregiver // attachment figure = better quality of attachment
To maintain this there are 2 principles
Accumulated seperation
Each seperation away from the primary caregiver affects the child
Continuity
Constant child care = better quality attachment
Learning Theory
Classical C.
Learning from the association of a stimulus
In attachment we call this 'cupboard love theory'
A UCS produces a UCR. A NS is presented with the UCS which still causes a UCR however overtimes the NS is associated to this UCS which eventually leads the NS to be a CS and the response made to be a CR
CR
UCR
CS
NS
UCS
Operant C.
Learning from the consequences of a behaviour
so...
Positive reinforcments increases a pleaseant stimulus to increase a behaviours
You get to go out to watch a movie if you finish your homework
Negative reinforcement decreases an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behaviours
You don't need to get a summer job if you get good grades this academic year
Behavior w pleasent consequence (reward) is repeated & reinforced
Acts as a motivator
Behavior w unpleasant consequence (punishment) is avoided & non repetitive
Acts as a lesson
mutual reinforcement
behaviours are reinforced through the same reciprocoral interactions
the behaviours that each do reinforce each other to continue this cycle of action and reaction
attachment occurs as a result of mother being associated to food REWARD
Baby
Action:
CRYING
Mother:
REACTS
Reward:
BABY GETS FOOD
Basis
Children are born as blank slates which
undergo learning through experience
Kids will attach to a caregiver
based on them providing food
Learning by:
teaching
where innate traits aren't considerable factors on behaviour
consequences
Evaluation
Contradicting Research
Animal Studies
Schaffer & Emerson (1964)
Drive reduction is largely ignored now a days
PRO
Drive states explanation
Bailey et al 2007
99 women assessed on quality of attachment between
attachment to own mothers
attachment to own babies
Findings showed women reporting poorer attachments with own parents were likely to have poor attachments with their own kids
internal working model passes through families
Attachment Style with Kids