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Atmosphere and Weather - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Insolation most concentrate at equator an tropics, positive radiation budget
    - - Negative budget at higher latitudes, more atmosphere to pass, more chance of reflection (high albedo, snow)
    - - Little seasonal variation at the equator, but great at higher altitudes
  - - - Air moves from high to low. Low pressure systems bring poor weather
      - REFERENCE DIAGRAM OF GLOBE
    - - Low at equator, high in polar regions
    - - Uneven due to seasonal variation
    - - Cold water moves to warmer
  - - - Latitude
      - Land/sea distributie
      - Ocean currents
        
        Caused by prevailing winds
      - Altitude
    - - effected by pressure changes
    - - Air moves faster closer to the poles
        
        Coriolis force
        
        Geostrophic balance
        
        Friction
  - - - Handley cell
      - Ferrel cell
      - Polar cell
- - - - Due to High Albedo
      - Planetary Albedo
  - - - Cirrus clouds allow for insolation, cumulonimbus don't heat or cool well. Stratus clouds reflect
    - - Thick clouds insulate, absorb and reradiate longwave radiation. nights kept warm
  - - - heat required to change state
        
        evaporation
        
        Dew
        
        Absorbed energy returned to the earth
    - - effected by time of day
- - - - Slows down with wind.
        
        humidity
        
        measure of amount of water in the air
        
        Relative humidity
        
        A measure in % of how much water vapour the air is holding compared to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature and pressure
        
        Absolute humidity
        
        Actual amount of water vapour in a given volume
    - - When water vapours are cooled below their dew point, turning them to water droplets (liquid)
      - Requires condensation nuclei, as condensation forms around it. These particles are hygroscopic.
      - Contact cooling, radiation cooling, expansion cooling
    - - Conversion from solid to gas, with no intermediate stage of being liquid
    - - Gas to solid
        
        Ex: hoar frost
  - - - Land is heated, the air above warms up, expands and rises. It then cools and condenses. If it continues to rise, it will cause rainfall. Common around ITCZ
    - - FIND AN 8 MARK WORTHY DEFINITION
    - - Air is forced to rise over a relief barrier (like a mountain) condenses and forms rain.
        
        leeward side: rain shadow (reduced rainfall) as the air warms and expands, which makes it able to hold more moisture
    - - Warm air mass meets a cold air mass. The warm air is forced to rise above the cold air. It cools and condenses, forming clouds (and rainfall)
  - - - Fluffy (cottonwool), localised uplift
    - - Layered, form where little vertical uplift
    - - High wispy clouds. Form at high levels of condensation
- - - - Rising sean levels
      - Increased ocean acidity
      - Melting ice and glaciears
      - Greater storm activity
      - Warm oceans
      - Various effects on agricultrue
      - Draught
      - Disease
      - Species endangered or extinct
      - Tourism more undesirable
    - - Fossil fuel burning
      - Albedo change, due to urbanisation and deforestation
      - El Nino
  - - - Higher temperature
        
        Low albedo of surfaces
        
        High buildings trap insolation and absorb heat, low buildings cause street to collect heat
        
        reduced evapotranspiration
        
        pollutants trap heat
      - Lower humidity
        
        Lack of vegetation, less transpiration
        
        High drainage density removes water
        
        Less water bodies for evaporation
      - More intense storms
      - Slower winds scattered by buildings
      - Less snowfall
      - Human activity radiates heat
    - - Installation of urban forest
      - Air quality improves too, so trees added
      - reduces ambient temperatures by shading and increased evapotranspiration