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EDUCTIONAL POLICY (part 1) - Coggle Diagram
EDUCTIONAL POLICY (part 1)
EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY
POLICIES
Education Reform Act 1988 - National Curriculum
- All backgrounds could access same standard of education. Access to key subjects. Standardized assessments.
Conservative, Thatcher, New Right.
Sure Start 2000
- Centers for low income families with young children/parents to be etc. Taught basic skills so they would be on same level as middle class children when they start school. "school-ready".
Labour, Blair, Social Democrat.
City Academies 2000
- In disadvantaged areas. Funded by central government. Intended to apply to all failing schools. Academies have degree of autonomy, allows them to teach more relevant curriculum.
Labour, Blair, Social Democrat.
Pupil Premium 2011
- Increased funding to improve educational outcomes for disadvantaged pupils in state-funded schools. For FSM eligible students (£1000-1500) per pupil. Purposes were to give more students access to educational resources and financially incentivize schools.
Coalition, Klegg+Cameron, Social Democrat.
CRITIQUES
Wragg
- Education remains system of social division not social mobility. Victorian railway carriage means set path depending on class. 1st class = Eton and Harrow --> Oxbridge. Social closure.
Gerwitz
- The poorest in society still get the worst educational provision. Privileged school choosers, semi skilled choosers, disconnected choosers.
Bourdieu
- Working class have less cultural capital than middle class. Cultural capital aids learning. Working class culture not valued by education system which is a middle class institution.
Murray
- Providing equality of opportunity will make the education for those who are gifted worse. Education lost sense of meritocracy and is therefore failing those who are most gifted. Too many going to university, devaluing degrees.
RAISING STANDARDS
POLICIES
Education Reform Act 1988 - League Tables/Ofsted
- Competition between schools and colleges (league tables). Check level of education suitable in all schools (osted).
Conservative, Thatcher, New Right.
Curriculum 2000
- Revised A Level curriculum was modular. Split into AS and A2. Flexible, broken up studying. Less stressful workload, allow students to understand content more in depth.
Labour, Blair, Social Democrat.
Adaptation of Academies 2010
- Convert schools to academies. Remover LSE funding, funding from central government. Part of multi academy trust which share resources and good practice. Schools gain autonomy over the content they teach and the staff they employ.
Coalition, Klegg+Cameron, New Right.
GCSE & A Level Reform 2015
- Reversed curriculum 2000. Back to linear course. Assessment at the end of the course. Universities played greater role in this for the new qualifications than they did previously. Rigorously focusing on application of knowledge in exams.
Coalition, Klegg+Cameron, New Right.
CRITIQUES
Gerwitz
- The poorest in society still get the worst educational provision. Privileged school choosers, semi skilled choosers, disconnected choosers.
Bourdieu
- Working class have less cultural capital than middle class. Cultural capital aids learning. Working class culture not valued by education system which is a middle class institution.
Illich
- Makes formal education solely focused on outcomes rather than the value of education in itself. De-school. Too managerial, not focused on enrichment. Learning webs, informal learning not dictated to us by anyone.
Davis and Moore
- High focus on academic skills ends up prioritizing certain subjects and curses and neglects students with vocational skills. Role allocation, sifts and sorts. Most skilled get most functionally important jobs. Those with more vocational skills still valuable in the workplace.
PREPARE STUDENTS FOR THE WORKPLACE
POLICIES
New Vocationalism 80s
- YTS, NVQs, GNVQs. Provide young people failing academically with vocational skills to avoid unemployment.
Conservative, Thatcher, New Right.
14-19 Diploma 1998
- Qualification in different vocations e.g. travel and tourism. Promoted to help young people gain qualifications who wouldn't achieve through traditional, standardized testing routes.
Labour, Blair, Social Democrat.
Apprenticeships 2015
- Minimum wage. Aimed to train its learner with "skills employers want". Strategy to boost employment and skills in the UK. Made more accessible to young people aligning them with needs of business. Reduce youth unemployment. Alternative to university for those wanting hands on learning.
Coalition, Klegg+Cameron, New Right.
Higher Apprenticeship Diploma 2010
- Work based learning program to help individuals gain advanced skills and knowledge in specific industries while earning qualification. Practical on job training and academic learning. Develop expertise.
Coalition, Klegg+Cameron, New Right.
CRITIQUES
Green
- Vocational training does not prepare students for work. Being taught basic skills related to unskilled, low pay jobs in retail sector rather than craft skills. Hidden curriculum = good attitude and discipline is more important than acquisition of skills. Created bipartism. YTS + GNVQs legitimize traditional class divisions.
Cohen
- Vocational training is by design, not intended to provide social mobility. Real function was to cultivate good attitudes in young people so they accept future low pay/skill jobs. Deskilled rather than reskilled. About social control, screening young people for recruitment.
Davies and Biesta
- There is not a consistent positive outcome for all students who do apprenticeships. Mixed experiences of students. Some faced dull, repetitive tasks often working as cheap labor and contributing to inflated unemployment statistics.
Evans
- Vocational training does not provide individuals with enough of an education to make critical decisions about the society they live in. Quality of training offered was poor. Served interests of ruling class by preparing them for working under exploitation.
COMPETITON, DIVERSITY AND CHOICE
POLICIES
New Vocationalism 80s
- YTS, NVQs, GNVQs. Provide young people failing academically with vocational skills to avoid unemployment.
Conservative, Thatcher, New Right.
Education Reform Act 1988 - League Tables/Ofsted
- Marketization of schools/education. League tables = competition to be the best. Choice in terms of parents choosing (parentocracy). Ofsted = quality assurance body.
Conservative, Thatcher, New Right.
City Academies & Specialist Schools 2002
- Empowered secondary schools/comprehensives to become specialized in specific area. Area of specialism gets extra funding and resources. Increased parent choice.
Labour, Blair, Social Democrat.
Adaptation of Academies 2010
- Convert schools to academies. Remover LSE funding, funding from central government. Part of multi academy trust which share resources and good practice. Schools gain autonomy over the content they teach and the staff they employ.
Coalition, Klegg+Cameron, New Right.
CRITIQUES
Green
- Vocational training does not prepare students for work. Being taught basic skills related to unskilled, low pay jobs in retail sector rather than craft skills. Hidden curriculum = good attitude and discipline is more important than acquisition of skills. Created bipartism. YTS + GNVQs legitimize traditional class divisions.
Gerwitz
- The poorest in society still get the worst educational provision. Privileged school choosers, semi skilled choosers, disconnected choosers.
NEU
- Academies not really providing diversity, they are a way of cutting costs. Policy implemented for financial reasons, disguising itself as tying to provide diversity and choice. Central government has more control over spending. Less teacher salary and student support money, not necessarily better attainment, unqualified teachers, less accountable.
Millar
- Real choice is an illusion, middle class parents benefit as they know 'how to play' the system. Poor students cannot move house/travel to better schools. Selection of schools reduces ability to exert free choice. Middle class have escape route of private sector if child cannot get into good school.