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Principles of Vaccination, Polio (IPV), Example: MMR (measles, mumps…
Principles of Vaccination
Definition of a Vaccine
A vaccine is a preparation of microbes or their components that stimulates the immune system to produce immunity.
History of Vaccination
Lady Montagu introduced variolation to prevent smallpox
Edward Jenner used the cowpox virus to protect against smallpox
Louis Pasteur developed a vaccine for rabies
Immune Response
The primary response is the first exposure to an antigen.
The secondary (anamnestic) response is faster and stronger due to memory cells.
Herd Immunity
Herd immunity occurs when 70-95 % or more of a population is vaccinated, protecting those who are not vaccinated or immunocompromised.
Types of Vaccines
Live-Attenuated Vaccines
Used to weakened (attenuated) from of the pathogens
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
Contain killed (inactivated) pathogens
Subunit / Recombinant / Conjugate Vaccines
Use specific proteins or polysaccharide parts
Example: HPV
Toxoid Vaccines
Contains inactivated (detoxified) toxins
Example Tetanus
mRNA Vaccines
Use messenger RNA (mRNA) to instruct cells to make a spike protein
Example: COVID-19 (Pfizer or Moderna)
Viral Vector Vaccines
Use modified (harmless) virus to deliver genetic material
Advantages and Limitations
Vaccines help prevent infectious diseases
Some vaccines require booster doses
Vaccine Safety Vaccines are Considered safe and effective for preventing disease
Common myths about vaccines include claims that they cause autism.
Polio (IPV)
Example: MMR (measles, mumps rubella)
Johnson and Johnson COVID-19 Vaccines