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Sarahy Reyes-Copalcua - Period 3 -Respiratory System - Coggle Diagram
Sarahy Reyes-Copalcua - Period 3 -Respiratory System
Major Functions of the Respiratory System
Gas exchange
Oxygen (O₂) into blood
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) out of blood
Regulation of blood pH
CO₂ affects acidity
Voice production
Larynx
which are the vocal cords
Olfaction
the sense of smell
Filters, warms, and moistens air
Immune defense
Mucus
Cilia
Tonsils
Disorders of the Respiratory System
COPD
Def: progressive, incurable, but treatable inflammatory lung disease that restricts airflow, making it difficult to breathe
Causes or Risk Factors: Tobacco Smokers, Dust exposure, and asthmatic bronchitis
Symptoms: Chronic coughing, Shortness of breath, and Wheezing
Treatment Op: Smoking cessation, medications, and Bronchodilators
Tuberculosis
Def: contagious infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria, primarily affecting the lungs but capable of spreading to other organs.
Causes of Risk Factors: Weak immune system, drug or alcohol usage, is contagious
Symptoms: Chest Pain, Shortness of breath and fever fatigue
Treatment Op: Surgery, Medications and usage of term antibiotics.
Pneumonia
Def: Bacterial or vital infection of the lungs
Causes or Risk Factors: Bacterial infection, Viral infection, Aspiration
Symptoms: Fever, Short breath and Chest pain
Treatment Op: Over counter medication, Antibiotics, Oxygen Therapy
Lung Cancer
Def: Malignant tumor that starts in the lungs due to the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells.
Causes or Risk Factors: Smoking in about 40% of the cases or Genetics.
Symptoms: Chest pain, Shortness of Breath, Fatigue
Treatment Op: Radiation, Chemotherapy, Surgical Removal
Seasonal Flu
Def: Highly contagious, acute respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses that infect the nose, throat, and lungs.
Causes or Risk Factors: Inhaled il-respiratory droplets, Occupation, and Living Cinditions
Symptoms: Dry cough, Fatigue and congestion
Treatment Op: Rest, Hydration, and Over-The-Counter medications
Layers of the Pleurae
Parietal pleura
Lines chest wall
Visceral pleura
Covers lungs
Pleural cavity
Between layers
Contains pleural fluid
Reduces friction
Maintains pressure
Lower Respiratory Structures & Functions
Trachea
Windpipe
C-shaped cartilage rings
Conducts air to lungs
Bronchi
Right and left primary bronchi
Branch into smaller bronchioles
Bronchioles
Smooth muscle
Regulate airflow
Alveoli
Site of gas exchange
Surfactant reduces collapse
Surrounded by capillaries
Lungs
Right lung (3 lobes)
Left lung (2 lobes)
Volume & Pressure Relationships
Boyle’s Law
Volume goes up = Pressure goes down
Volume goes down= Pressure goes up
Inhalation
Increased thoracic volume
Decreased lung pressure
Exhalation
Decreased thoracic volume
Increased lung pressure
Respiratory Volumes & Capacities
Volumes
Tidal Volume (TV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Residual Volume (RV)
Capacities
Vital Capacity (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Internal vs External Respiration
External Respiration
Occurs in lungs
Gas exchange between alveoli and blood
O₂ enters blood
CO₂ leaves blood
Internal Respiration
Occurs in tissues
Gas exchange between blood and body cells
O₂ enters cells
CO₂ enters blood
Upper Respiratory Structures & Functions
Nose & Nasal Cavity
Filters air (nose hairs)
Warms and moistens air
Mucus traps pathogens
Nasal Septum
Divides nasal cavity
Sinuses
Lighten skull
Resonance for voice
Produce mucus
Pharynx (Throat)
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Passageway for air
Larynx (Voice Box)
Keeps airway open
Produces sound
Epiglottis prevents food entry
Inspiration vs Expiration
Inspiration (Inhalation)
Diaphragm contracts (moves down)
External intercostals contract
Thoracic cavity volume increases
Pressure decreases
Air moves in
Expiration (Exhalation)
Diaphragm relaxes (moves up)
Intercostals relax
Thoracic cavity volume decreases
Pressure increases
Air moves out