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Chapter 18 Concept Map: Principles of Vaccination - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 18 Concept Map: Principles of Vaccination
VACCINATION
Definition of a Vaccine
→ A vaccine is a biological preparation that stimulates the immune system to develop protection (immunity) against a specific pathogen without causing disease.
Vaccination
→ stimulates → Immune System
→ leads to → Immune Memory
→ protects against → Infectious Disease
History of Vaccination
Edward Jenner
→ used cowpox to protect against smallpox (1796)→ demonstrated → protective immunity
Louis Pasteur
→ developed attenuated vaccines (rabies, anthrax)→ expanded concept of → vaccination
Variolation
→ early method using smallpox material→ led to development of → safer vaccination
History→ laid foundation for → modern immunology
How vaccines work
Vaccine→ introduces → Antigen→ stimulates → Primary Immune Response
Primary Immune Response
→ slow→ produces antibodies→ forms memory B cells
Memory B Cells→ enable → Secondary (Anamnestic) Immune Response
Secondary Immune Response
→ faster→ stronger→ higher antibody levels→ provides → long-term protection
Antibodies→ neutralize → pathogens→ prevent → infection
Herd Immunity
Vaccinated Population→ reduces → susceptible individuals→ interrupts → transmission
Herd Immunity→ protects → immunocompromised individuals→ prevents → outbreaks
High vaccination rates→ control → communicable diseases
types of vaccines
1. Live-Attenuated Vaccines
→ weakened pathogen→ produce → strong, long-lasting immunity→ may not be safe for immunocompromised
Example: Measles vaccine
Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines
→ killed pathogen
→ cannot cause → disease
→ require boosters
Subunit / Recombinant / Conjugate Vaccines
→ contain specific antigen parts
→ reduce → side effects
→ often require boosters
4. Toxoid Vaccines
→ inactivated toxins→ protect against → toxin-mediated disease
Example: Tetanus
5. mRNA Vaccines
→ deliver genetic instructions for antigen production→ stimulate → immune response→ do NOT alter DNA
Example: COVID-19 vaccines
Viral Vector Vaccines
→ use harmless virus to deliver antigen gene
→ trigger → immune response
Advantages of Vaccines
Vaccines
→ prevent → illness
→ reduce → severity
→ decrease → mortality
→ eliminate → diseases (e.g., smallpox)
→ reduce → healthcare costs
Limitations of Vaccines
Some vaccines→ require boosters
Some individuals→ may not develop full immunity
Live vaccines→ not recommended for immunocompromised
Pathogen mutation→ may reduce effectiveness
Vaccine Safety & Misconceptions
Vaccines→ undergo rigorous testing→ monitored for safety
Common Misconception:Vaccines cause autism→ NOT supported by scientific evidence
Vaccines→ side effects usually mild→ serious reactions rare
Role in Controlling Communicable Diseases
Vaccination programs→ reduce → disease incidence→ prevent → epidemics→ eradicate → diseases
Example: Smallpox eradicated
Global immunization efforts→ improve → public health→ increase → life expectancy