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Ch. 40 + 41, digestive system - Coggle Diagram

- - - - molecular level
      - structural level
      - tissue
        
        group of cells that carry out a specific function
        
        organ
        
        structure composed of tissues that carries out a specialized function
        
        organ system
        
        group of organs working collectively to perform a specific function
        
        germ layers
        
        endoderm
        
        innermost cells that form the epithelial linings of the digestive tract and lungs
        
        endrocrine glands + GI tract
        
        ectoderm
        
        outer layer of cells that form nerves, brain
        
        endocrine glands, lungs, GI tract
        
        nervous tissue, skin
        
        mesoderm
        
        internal layer of cells that form organs, blood, bone
        
        muscle cells, skeleton, heart, kidney
        
        connective tissue
        
        connects, seperates, + cushions other tissues in the body
        
        extracellular matrix
        
        loose connective tissue
        
        helps hold organs in place and attaches epithelial tissue
        
        adipose tissue
        
        made of mostly fat cells
        
        dense connective tissue
        
        tissue dense with collagen fibers
        
        tendons
        
        connect muscle to bone
        
        ligaments
        
        connect bone to bone
        
        nervous tissue
        
        conducts electrical and chemical signals
        
        neurons
        
        receive and transmit electrical signals by transporting ions across the membrane
        
        muscle tissue
        
        contractile tissue that is unique to animals
        
        epithelial tissue
        
        lines organs and body surface
        
        apical
        
        faces toward the exterior enviroment
        
        basal
        
        faces the interior of the animal
  - - - short- term abiity to adapt to changes in the enviroment
    - - limit an organism's ability to adapt to its enviroment due to finite energy
        
        adapatations limited by existing alleles
- - - - rate of energy consumption of an organism
  - - - regulation in which the output of a system has the effect of reducing the system's output
        
        blood glucose, body temperature
        
        thermoregulation
        
        endothermic
        
        main source of body heat is external to the organism and absorbed by it
        
        regulation of body temperature within a certain range
        
        vasodilation
        
        increases heat loss
        
        vasoconstriction
        
        helps reduce heat
        
        endothermic
        
        main source of body heat is internal, and generated by organism's metabolism
    - - regulation in which the output of a system has the effect of increasing the system's output
        
        blood clotting, childbirth
- - - - deliver sailva to digest food
        
        peristasis
        
        alternating waves of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation
        
        pancreas
        
        makes protease thats activated in the duodenum
  - - - filter feeders
        
        sifting small food particles from the surrounding medium
        
        absorption
        
        substrate feeders
        
        animals that live at or on their food source
        
        fluid feeders
        
        suck nutrient rich fluid from a living host
    - - food is engulfed via phagocytosis and liquids via pinocytosis
    - - most bile made here that help with digestion of fats
- - - - primary organ for digestion and circulation in cnidaria and platyhelminthes
        
        complete digestive tract (alimentary canal)
        
        two openings: food enters through the mouth + waste exits through the anus
        
        elimination
        
        passage of undigested material out of the digestive system
        
        absorption
        
        uptake of small molecules by body cells