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Animal Form & Function (Ch. 40) & Animal Nutrition (Ch. 41) -…
Animal Form & Function (Ch. 40) & Animal Nutrition (Ch. 41)
Levels of Organization
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ systems → Organism
Four Tissue Types
Epithelial – covers surfaces; protects, absorbs & secretes
Types: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube‑shaped), columnar (tall), pseudostratified ciliated (with cilia)
Connective – most abundant; matrix-based (areolar, adipose, bone, blood)
Muscle – skeletal (voluntary), cardiac, smooth (involuntary)
Nervous – neurons & glia; rapid communication
Homeostasis
Stable internal conditions via negative feedback (sensor → control → effector)
Positive feedback – amplifies change (childbirth, clotting)
Thermoregulation
Endotherms generate heat; ectotherms rely on environment
Mechanisms: vasodilation/constriction, countercurrent exchange
Bioenergetics
Energy intake vs energy use; BMR; under‑ vs over‑nutrition
Essential Nutrients
Essential amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins & minerals – must come from diet
Digestive System
Processes: ingestion → digestion → absorption → elimination
Stomach – acid & enzymes break down food
Small intestine – main site of digestion & nutrient absorption; villi & microvilli increase area
Accessory organs: liver (makes bile), gallbladder (stores bile), pancreas (enzymes & bicarbonate)
Lipid absorption – fats form chylomicrons and enter lymph system
Hormonal Control
Gastrin (stomach acid), Secretin (pancreatic bicarbonate), CCK (bile & enzymes)
Key Reminders
Gallbladder stores but does not produce bile
Digestion breaks down food; absorption takes in nutrients
Villi vs microvilli: villi are finger‑like structures; microvilli are microscopic projections
Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth