Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Animal form and functions, and how it is maintained with an animal’s…

- - - - Chemical energy: all of animals activities rely on chemical energy found in a a diet such as, carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids. This energy obtained is used to produce ATP which powers many processes within the body.
      - Essential Nutrients: include certain amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. Essential nutrients serve as substrates of enzymes, coenzymes, and cofactors in biosynthetic reactions.
        
        Animals need sulfur and organic nitrogen to synthesize many of their amino acids, essential amino acids. These amino acids create protein.
        
        Essential fatty acids synthesize cellular components like membrane phopholipids, signaling molecules, and storage fats. These can be obtained through eating seeds, grains, and veggies.
        
        Vitamins: organic molecules required in a diet in small amounts. When someone is deficient in a vitamin, there can be a lot of problems, even death.
        Vitamin A: visual pigments in the eye
        Vitamin D: calcium absorption and bone formation
        
        Minerals: inorganic nutrients, like iron and sulfur, that are required in small amounts. Minerals have diverse functions in animal physiology like, structure of proteins, or oxygen carrier hemoglobin. Too much minerals can create problems like high blood pressure.
      - Animals also need raw material for biosynthesis. This allows for the building of complex molecules, which maintain itself and reproduce. Animal’s diet must include a source of organic carbon and organic nitrogen.
  - - - Ingestion: act of eating or feeding. There are different types of feeding mechanism.
      - Digestion: food is broken down into molecules small enough for the body to absorb. two process, Mechanical and Chemical.
      - elimination: material not able to be broken down and used are excreted either through the mouth, like owls who spit up bone, or through feces.
      - Absorption: Animals take in the nutrients and use it for processes within the body. Thank vitamins and minerals being used for bone production.
  - - - Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and esophagus.
        Oral Cavity: food enter through the mouth. This is the start of food processing. Chewing or grinding occurs to break food down into smaller peices
        Anticipation of food arrival triggers the release of saliva via the salivary glands.
      - Stomach: the stomach secretes a digestive fluid, gastric juice which mixes with food creating chyme. This helps liquiefy food in the stomach
        the small intestine: alimentary canals longest compartment.
      - Liver: secretion of the live is bile, which aids in digestion by breaking down enzymes via emulsifying fats.
  - - - Dental Applications: an animal’s assortment of teeth varies depending on its diet. Animals with sharp teeth like sea otters, use them to tear apart prey such as crabs. Their back rounder molars are used to crush shells.
        Snakes have specialized dentition, using fangs to inject venom into prey.
        Overtime animal’s teeth evolved to suit their needs based on their diet.
      - Stomach and intestinal adaptations. Large expandable stomachs are common in carnivorous vertebrates, thus they typically wait longer periods of times between meals. Longer tract are mor common in herbivores.
  - - - Digestion regulation: animal who face long gaps between meals have no need for their digestive system to be constantly active, as it would waste energy. instead the process is activated step by step. As food reaches different areas triggers are sent to begin the next step in the process.Think of the nervous system activating saliva when it expects food.
      - Energy storage regulation: when an animal takes in more energy than required, that energy is used for storage. In bears this come in handy, bear will consume extra food to prepare for hibernation. This food is stored as fat cells and when hibernation comes that fat is. Burned to survive.
- - - - Natural Selection and adaptation play a large role in animal form and how it varies so widely.
      - Natural selection will favor organisms whose variations within a population will increases the chance of survival and reproduction, relative fitness.
      - Evolutionary adaptations that enable this survival will vary due to different environments and species but typically end in a close match of form to function.
        
        Physical laws within an environment can constrain evolution. For example, species living in water will have similar streamlined shapes, showing how convergent evolution is a direct result of Natural selection favoring similar adaptions in diverse species living within similar enviroment.
    - - Complex body plans in animals can be the result of adaptions to highly variable environments. For example, external skeletons can protect against predators.
        
        Examples of specialized organ systems:
      - In contrast, simple body plans, like single called do not have specialized organs or tissues. This can be because they do not require it since their enviroment does not change, like sponges who live in the ocean. The ocean is a consistent environment.
  - - - Regulation is how animals achieve Homeostasis, maintenance of internal balance.
        
        Feedback Control in Homeostasis happens in two ways, negative and positive feedback.
        
        Negative Feedback: control mechanism lowers stimulus via response. For example, we shiver to warm up when we get to cold.
        
        Positive feedback: control mechanism increases stimulus until completion. For example, in childbirth contractions continue to get closer and close together until eventually the baby is born.
  - - - Endothermic: animals maintain their body temperature through their own generated metabolism.
      - Ectothermic: animals maintain their body temperature using external sources.
  - - - Energy Allocation and Use: Organism are classified by how they obtain energy, autotrophs use light energy while heterotrophs, obtain their energy through food.
      - Quantifying Enrgy Use: How much an animal needs from food to stay alive is dependent on how that energy will be used and its activity.
      - Energy Conversation:
        When conditions hinder an animals ability to balance heat and energy, they may resort to other means to survive. Many go through a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism called torpor. This is short term, like sleep.
        Long term to por is hiberation