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A tour of the Cell - Coggle Diagram

- - - - highly folded
      - contains proteins for ATP production
    - - folds for the inner membrane
      - increase surface area for energy reactions
    - - protects the organelle
      - Smooth outer covering
    - - Space between outer & inner membrane
    - - Fluid filled interior
      - contains enzymes, mitochondria, DNA, & ribosomes
- - - - View plant cells
      - Observe cells & tissues
      - uses light to magnify small objects
      - Magnifies small specimens
    - - Uses electrons for higher magnification of small objects
      - View viruses
      - Views cells inside (TEM)
      - View surface details (SEM)
  - - - 3D images
      - view the surface of bacteria
      - Visualizes external cell surfaces
    - - visualizes internal cell structures
      - seeing virus particles
      - 2D images
- - - - prokaryotic
      - Unicellular
      - Most abundant & diverse organism on earth
      - Small 70s ribosomes
      - divide by binary fission
    - - Circular in shape & found in nucleoid
      - may have plasmids
      - controls cell activities
      - plasmids in bacteria make them resistant to penicillin
  - - - Have a nucleus & other membrane bound organelles
      - Divide by mitosis & cytokinesis
      - human cheek cell
      - Large 80s ribosomes
    - - stores genetic info
      - human DNA= 46 linear chromosomes in nucleus
      - Linear in shape & found inside the nucleus
    - - reproduce quickly by binary fission
      - E.coli= lives in intestines
      - Not have a nucleus (includes bacteria & archaea)
- - - - breaks down waste materials
      - Found mainly in animal cells
      - use to destroy bacteria
    - - break down fatty acids
      - Helps convert fats into sugars (in seeds)
      - found in all eukaryotic cells
- - - - make membrane proteins for cell surface
      - proteins are processed & packaged fir transport
      - Attached to rough ER
    - - Proteins stay inside the cell
      - makes proteins for cell membrane/cytoskeleton
      - Float in the cytoplasm
- - - - export proteins
      - insulin released from pancreas cells
      - Involves several organelles interact in a specific order
    - - Double membrane surrounds the nucleus
      - contains nuclear pores
      - mRNA & ribosomal subunits to exit
    - - RER
        
        Sends proteins to golgi apparatus
      - SER
        
        synthesizes lipids
      - connected to the nuclear envelope
    - - receive vesicles
      - sorts & packages proteins into vesicles
      - Stacked of flattened membrane sacs (cisternae)
      - shipping trans
      - Receiving cis
- - - - Immediate in size & made of variable proteins
      - anchor organelles
      - keratin in skin cells
    - - Made of protein actin
      - maintain cell chape
      - muscle cells contract using actin
    - - made of repeating tubulin proteins
      - Make cilia & flagella for cell movement
      - flagella propelling sperm cells
      - Cilia
        
        Short hair like structures
        
        move fluids
        
        move mucus & trapped dust
      - flagella
        
        Longer hair like structures
        
        propels cells through liquid
        
        Sperm cells swim toward egg
- - - - anchor neighboring cells together
      - prevent cells from tearing apart
      - heart muscle cells = withstand contraction forces
    - - connect cytoplasm of 2 animal cells
      - allows ions and small molecules to pass
      - Smooth muscle cells = contraction in intestines
    - - help maintain cell polarity
      - intestinal lining = prevent digestive enzymes from leaking
      - Link cells create leak proof barrier
    - - connect cytoplasm of 2 plant cells
      - helps plant cells respond to environmental changes
      - allow sugars from photosynthesis to move between leaf cells