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Ch. 23 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - tubulin proteins
        
        assemble and break apart quickly
      - key to flagella and cilia movement
    - - actin and myosin proteins
        
        assemble and break apart quickly
        
        also produce cell movement
    - - keratin proteins
  - - - unicellular protists carry out essential functions using subcellular organielles
        
        nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and contractile vacuoles
      - multicellular protists have cell specialization, interdependence, cell junctions, cell communication and coordination.
- - - - kills and digests intestinal lining
      - bloody diarrhea, fever, abcesses, intestinal perforation
- - - - chloroplasts and photosynthesis
    - - phagocytosis
      - saprobes
      - comsume organic materials
    - - combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition
  - - - rotate or whip
    - - beat in coordinated manner to swim
    - - protists that move toward or away from a stimulus
      - phototaxis
        
        movement towards light
        
        coupling locomotion strategy with a light-sensing organ
  - - - binary fission
        
        produces two daughter cells
        
        can be divided into transverse or longitudinal
        
        longitudinal binary fission: plane of division passes longitudinal axis of the organism
        
        transverse binary fission: plane of division is through thr transverse axis of the organism
      - multiple fission
        
        simultaneously divide into many daughter cells
        
        slime molds
      - budding
        
        some protists produce tiny buds that go on to divide and grow to the size of the parental protist.
    - - common among protists, involves meiosis and fertilization
      - associated with periods when nutrients are depleted or environmental changes occur
      - also allow protists to recombine genes and produce new variations of progeny
      - Protist life-cycles
        
        simple to extermely elaborate
        
        certain parasitic protists have complicated life cycles
        
        must infect different host species at different developmental stages to complete their life cycle
        
        Ex: Plasmodium that cause malaria
        
        some protists are unicellular in the haploid form and multicellular in the diploid
        
        Alternation of generations: a strategy where protists have multicellular stages in both haploid and diploid forms
        
        Laminaria: Brown alga
  - - - produce oxygen
      - function as producers both in fresh water and salt water
      - major component of plankton
        
        organisms that are suspended in water
        
        serve as food for heterotrophic protists and animals
    - - ranges from strict parasitism to mutualism
      - coral reefs greatly aided by symbiotic photoautotrophic protists in the tissues of corals
- - - - unicellular phytoplankton
      - key primary producers
      - yellow and brwon accessory pigments
      - silica walls
      - no falgellum except in gamete
      - storing energy as oils
      - photoautotrophs
    - - multicellular
      - mostly marine "seaweeds"
      - major primary producers
      - brownish accessory pigments
      - large thallose form
      - cell wall with cellulose and algin
      - Ex: Kelp (Laminaria and others)—humans eat it, and algin is used as commercial food. thickener
    - - filamentous, multinucleate, absorptive heterotrophs; some infest plants
      - superficially resemble fungi
      - cell walls with cellulose
      - filamentous growth (mycelia) is diploid
      - Ex: Phytophthora infestans "potoato late blight"
      - spores have flagella
  - - - unicellular aquatic heterotrophs or phytoplankton
      - reddish accessory pigments
      - pair of flagella in perpendicular grooves
      - spinning motion
      - cellulose armor
      - blooms of some species kill fish or create toxic red tides
      - bioluminescent
      - photosynthetic mutualists within corals
    - - unicellular parasites of animals
      - no cell wall
      - apical complex helps them enter host cells
      - complex life cycles: requires more than one host, multiple forms
      - Ex: plasmodium, causes malaria
        
        gametocytes form within human
        
        fertilization and spores form within mosquito
      - Ex: Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium
    - - unicellular ingestive heterotrophs
      - no cell wall
      - aquatic
      - cilia for feeding and locomotion
      - animal-like
      - Ex: Paramecium
  - - - unicellular marine plankton
      - feed with thread-like pseudopodia
        
        reinforced by microtubules
      - symmetric silica "skeletons"
    - - unicellular, mostly marine plankton
      - feed with thread-like pseudopodia
      - porous shells of calcium carbonate
    - - morphologically and metabolically diverse
      - include both naked and shelled forms
      - Chlorarachniophytes
        
        acquired chloroplasts by secondary endosymbiosis
        
        mixotrophic
- - - - intestinal parasite
      - durable cysts consumed in water
  - - - kinetoplast: mitochondrial DNA
- - - - helps absorb light in deeper water
    - - carrageenan thickener (ice cream)
      - agar (for petri dish cultures, food)
  - - - chloroplasts, the same as in plants
      - Chlorophytes
        
        Green algae
        
        over 7,000 species
        
        inhabit variety of environments including oceans, freshwater, snowbanks, tree bark, and turtles backs
        
        symbionts with fungi, plants, and animals
        
        morphology varies
        
        majority unicellular, many filamentous or colonial
        
        some multicellular and resemble leaves of lettuce
        
        most freshwater, many marine
        
        many with bi-flagellated cells
        
        Forms
        
        unicellular
        
        phytoplankton, Chlamydomonas
        
        colonial
        
        Volvox
        
        multinucleate
        
        large body, Caulerpa
        
        multicellular
        
        freshwater algae, Cladophora
        
        seaweeds, Ulva (sea lettuce)
      - Charophytes