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Ch 6 TOUR OF THE CELL - Coggle Diagram
Ch 6 TOUR OF THE CELL
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
site of ATP production
required for cellular respiration
present in animal and plant cells
Chlorplasts
site of glucose production
required for photosynthesis
mainly in plants, some in bacteria
peroxisomes
collect free elements floating around the cell and neutralizes it
Endosymbiont Theory
suggests an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen using nonphotsynthetic prokaryotic cell
The engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell, becoming endosymbiont
Things that are unique in plant cells
Cell Wall
central vacuole
chloroplasts
chlorophyll
Cytoskeleton
supports the cell
made up of three types of fibers
microtubules- thickest
functions
Shaping the cell
– Guiding movement of organelles
– Separating chromosomes during cell division
Grow out of the centrosome and in animal cells it has a centriole
control cilia and flagella which are extensions from the cell that let it move
microfilaments
built from a twisted double chain of actin
helps support the cells shape by forming a cortex inside the cell membrane
have myosin if help with mobility
cytoplasm streaming
flow of cytoplasm within cells, driven by actin-
protein interactions
intermediate filaments
larger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubles
support cell shape and fix organelles
in place
deals with motor proteins to produce cell mobility
Endomembrane system
not present in prokaryotic cells
Endomembrane system
Nuclear envelope
endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
packages and delivers things. "Fedex of cells"
Lysosomes
Trash can of the cells
Vacuoles
stores water for plants
plasma membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum (EP)
rough-- contains ribosomes
uses vesicles
helps transports things
Smooth-- no ribosomes
lipid synthesis
detoxifies toxins
Phagocytosis
Cell 'eating'
big amounts
cell 'drinking'
small amounts
both require ATP to occur
some types of cells can engulf other cells
lysosome fuses with it and digests the contents
MICROSCOPES AND BIOCHEMISTRY
Types of microscopes
Light Microscope
light passes through the specimen and then into the glass lenses
Scanning electron microscope
uses beams of electrons to form a 3-D image
Transmission electron microscope
uses beams of electrons
looks at internal cellular structures
perimeters for all microscopes
resolution
the ability to see the difference between one object or specimen and another
contrast
the ability to see between the light and dark areas in an image
magnification
how much larger an image appears
Organelles
membrane enclosed structures in Eukaryotic cells
Eukaryotic cells
larger
more complex
membrane-bound organelles
Prokaryotic cells
no membrane-bound organelles
small
more simplistic
cell fractionation
takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another
uses a centrifuge
top part called supernatant; bottom part called pellet
Eukaryotic Cells+ Prokaryotic
Four Features of all cells
cytosol
semifluid substance
inside cell, what organelles float on
chromosomes
Plasma Membrane
selective barrier; cell membrane used interchangeably
Ribosomes
Prokaryotic
only organisms from bacteria and archaea
no membrane-bound organelles
small
more simplistic
Eukaryotic
larger
more complex
membrane-bound organelles
Components and connections between cells
Cell wall distinguishes plant cell from animal cell
Prokaryotes, fungi, and some protists also have cell
walls
cell wall protects the plant cell, maintains its
shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
Secondary cell wall
Added between
the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
Primary cell wall
Relatively thin and flexible,
secreted first
Middle lamella
layer between primary walls,
containing polysaccharides called pectins
Animal cells have extracellular matrix (ECM) as a covering for the cell
made up of glycoproteins such as
collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin
some parts bind to proteins in the plasma membrane called integrins
regulate a cell’s behavior
influence the activity of
genes in the nucleus
Cell Junctions
Plasmodesmata are channels that connect plant
cells
Though it, water and small solutes can pass from cell to cell
Three types
Desmosomes
fasten cells
together into strong sheets
tight junctions
membranes of neighboring cells
are pressed together,
Gap junctions
provide
cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
Eukaryotic cell and organelles
Organelles
Nucleus
Boss man- houses DNA so controls everything
nuclear envelope
chromatin
what DNA looks like in interphase
Nucleolus
in nucleus, site of RNA synthesis
Ribosomes
where proteins are made
A cell is greater than the sum of its parts
ex: macrophage’s ability to destroy
bacteria involves the whole cell, coordination components such as the cytoskeleton, lysosomes and plasma membrane