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Chapter 40 & 41, S - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Food particles are engulfed
      - Phagocytosis / pinocytosis
      - digested within food vacuoles
      - Fused with lysosomes
    - - hydrolysis
      - Gastrovascular cavity
      - Alimentary canal
- - - - (BMR) Basal metabolic rate
      - (SMR) standard metabolic rate
      - Hibernation
      - Torpor
- - - - Skeletal
      - Cardiac
      - Smooth
- - - - Carbohydrates
      - Lipids
      - proteins
      - Polysaccharides (starch)
    - - organic co-factors
    - - inorganic co-factors
- - - - Vitamin A - vision and skin health
      - Vitamin D - calcium absorption and bone health
      - Vitamin E - antioxidant and cell protection Link Title
      - Vitamin K - blood clotting and bone metabolism
- - - - endothermic
        
        ability to regulate ones body temp by
        
        endotherms
        
        homeothermic
        
        Warm blooded
      - ectothermic
        
        Using an external source for heat
        
        ectotherms
        
        poikilothermic
        
        cold blooded
  - - - Negative
        
        Goal: maintain stability
        
        Effect : reverse change
      - positive
        
        Goal : complete process
        
        effect : amplifies changes
- - - - intake of food
        
        mouth to pharynx to esophagus
    - - Break down of food
        
        mechanical / The physical breaking of food into smaller pieces without changing its chemical makeup.
        
        Chemical / The use of enzymes and digestive chemicals to break large food molecules into small molecules the body can absorb.
        
        Stomach acid kills micros and denatures proteins
    - - Nutrient movement throughout the body via the bloodstream
        
        Stages
        
        Stage 1: Preparation for absorption (small intestine lining)
        
        Stage 2: Absorption in the small intestine (main stage)
        
        Stage 3: Absorption of water, vitamins, and minerals (still mainly in small intestines
        
        stage 4: Absorption in the large intestine (colon)
    - - Removal of undigested materials from the body
        
        Anus / this is the loci where feces are expelled from the body completing the elimination process.
        
        rectum / feces are stored here and towards reaching capacity defecation reflex is activated
        
        After stage 4 of the absorption process next what happens is water is reabsorbed, electrolytes are reclaimed, the gut bacteria breaks down lasting material(unused) and feces begin to form
        
        Defecation reflex (elimination trigger)
        
        internal anal sphincter (involuntary muscle) relaxes automatically
        
        external anal sphincter (voluntary muscle) are controlled consciously