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Microscopes & Biochemistry - Coggle Diagram
Microscopes & Biochemistry
Microscopy
Light Microscope (LM)
uses light to scan image
lower resolution than electron microscope
can view living cells
Magnification,Resolution and Contrast
Res: The ability to distinguish two close points as separate
Contrast: Diffrence in brightness between parts of the specimen
Mag: the ratio of an objects image size to its real size
Scanning Electron Microscope
provides 3D images of cell surfaces
shows surface details only
Transmission Electron Microscope
looking for internal celluar structures
2D view
Cell Fractionation
Centrifuge
spins mixture at high speed
heavier organells settle first
Process used to separate organelles by size and density
Basic Cell Types
Eukaryote
Has Membrane Bound Organelle
Has Nucleus
large/ more complex
Ex: Plant and Animal Cells
Prokaryote
small /simpllisti
DNA located in the Nucleoid
No membrane bound organelle
ex:Bacteria
No Nucleus
Features all cells have
Cytosol- jelly like fluid inside the cell
Chromosomes-carry genes
Plasma Membrane(Cell Membrane)
Selective Barrier
Outer boundary of cell
controls what enter and exits cells
Ribosomes-make proteins
Cytoplasm
Cytosol + Organelle
Organelles
suspended in in cytosol
ex: cytoplasm,ribosome,Nucleus
Small structure within cell with a specfic function
Plant Cells Contain
Cell wall
protection,support,maintain shape
Plasmodesmata- channels between adjacent cells connect cytosol
main component cellulose
Large Central Vacoule
Chloroplast
Eukaryotic Cell Genetic Instruction
Nucleus
Contains DNA
Control center of the cell
Nuclear Envelope
(barrier around nucleus)- encloses the nucleus,sperating from the cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Located within nucleus is the site if rRNA ribosomal rna,Makes ribosomes
Chromosomes
DNA condensed
Chromatin
form of Uncoiled DNA
Ribosomes
found free floating in cytosol or attached to rough ER
Makes proteins
Endomembrane System
anything inside cell that has a membrane all present in Eukaryotic Cells Only
Rough ER
transport vesicles
contains ribosomes
Smooth ER
Makes lipids ; fat syntheis
Detoxifies toxins and poisons
No ribosomes
stores calcium ions
Golgi Apparatus
gets instructions from DNA
packages and delivers things(like fedex)
Lysosomes
trash can of the cell/ breaks down waste
membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Vacoules
storage sacs
large vesicles dervice from the ER and Golgi Apparatus
Central Vacoule(Plant Cell)
large storage organelle
large storage organelle (to maintain life)
Bulk Transport
Phagocytosis
engulfs large particles
cell eating
Pinocytosis
cell drinking
takes in small amount of liquid
Endosymbiont Theory
Evidence: Ribosome Size, Double Membrane
only organelle besides nucleus with own DNA and double membranes
Suggest mitochondria and chloroplast were one free living bacteria
Mitochondria & Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
produces (ATP) energy
required for cellular respiration,present in animal and plant cells
site of cellular respiration
Chloroplast
site of Glucose production
required for photosynthesis/found mainly in plants(some bacteria)
Chlorophylll
absporbs sunlight
green pigment
Peroxisomes
detoxify harmful substnces
collects excess free radicals
break down fatty acids
Cytoskeleton & Extracellular Components
Cytoskelton
gives cell shape and support
helps movement
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm
major role in cell motility
Tubulin Microtubules
maintain of cell shape
cell motility
Thick Hollow tube
movements in cell division
Centrosome
in animal cells,centrosome contains Centrioles
Microtubule organizing region in many cells
Centriole
found inside Centrosome
seen only in dividing animal cells
help organize spindle during cell division
Actin Microfilaments
supports cell shape
made of protein ACTIN in double twisted chain supports network indies cell membrane
thin fibers
Intermediate Filaments
more permanent framework/anchor cell organelles in place
support cell shape
made of keratin proteins
Motor Proteins
Walk along cytoskeleton tracks to move organelles/vesicles/chromosomes
Mysosin heads interact with ACTIN for Muscle contraction
Require ATP
DYENIN arms interact with TUBULIN to move cilia and flagella
Tight Junctions
prevents leakage
seal cells together
membranes are fused
Desmosomes (anchoring junctions)
provide strength
Keratin proteins anchor to cytoplasm
fasten cells togther
Gap junctions (communicating junctions)
provide
cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
most similar to plasmodesmata in plants
allow passage of small molecules
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
strengthen tissues/provides support and anchoring
composed of glycoprotein secreted by cell (mainly Collagen Fibers)
composed outside plasma membrane
serves as conduit for transmitting external stimuli into cell
cell signaling,can turn on genes, modify biochemical acitvity
may coordinate behavior of all the cells within a tissue
Cillia
large numbers
short length ,moves in coordinated waves
Ex: moves mucus in respiratory tract
anchored in the cell by a basal body
Flagella
move in whip-like motion
ex: sperm cell movement
long length
