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ESL Teachers' Perspectives on Using Translanguaging to Support…

- - - - Teachers scaffold speaking tasks through structured interaction and feedback.
    - - Mediational tools (including learners’ L1) can support meaning-making during speaking tasks.
    - - Multilingual resources can function as cognitive support during oral production.
  - - - Reduced anxiety contributes to greater speaking participation.
    - - Classroom environments that validate learners’ linguistic resources promote communication.
    - - Translanguaging may enhance WTC by lowering affective barriers and increasing confidence in speaking.