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Circulatory/Respiratory Exchange and Immune Systems - Coggle Diagram
Circulatory/Respiratory Exchange and Immune Systems
Circulatory/respiratory
links exchange surfaces with cells throughout the body
Gastrovascular Cavities
live without a distinct circulatory system
body structured so most cells have contact with their environment
Open and Closed Circulatory Systems
needs a heart to move fluid throughout the body
Closed
uses blood
pump blood from large to small vessels throughout the body
more efficient for larger and more active organisms
organization
arteries, veins, and capillaries
capillaries form capillary beds
capillary beds are where blood cells spend the most time and conduct gas and nutrient exchange
venules converge into veins and bring blood back to the heart
capillaries converge into venules
arteries carry blood away from heart and branch into atre
arterioles branch into capillaries
Heart
consist of at least two chambers
atrium
ventricle
Circulation
single circulation, two chamber
leaves ventricle to gills
from gills straight to the body
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double circulation, three chamber
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood is not separated by a septum
from ventricle to the lungs
lungs to the left atrium
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double circulation, four chamber
heart has a septum that divides left and right ventricles
right ventricle to lungs
lungs to left atrium
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Open
use a fluid called hemolymph
very simple heart pump with valves
energy efficient
Coordinated cycles of heart contraction drive double circulation in mammals
Mammalian Circulation(Refer to Circulation on first main branch)
Mammalian Heart
superior and inferior vena cava
right atrium
bicuspid valve
right ventricle
semilunar valve
pulmonary arteries
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Maintaining heart beat
autorhythmic: contract and relax repeatedly without any signal from the nervous system
sinoatrial(SA) node; pacemaker
AV node; carries signal down bundle branches and up the purkinje fibers
flow and pressure determine arrangement and structure
Arteries and Veins
arteries are thicker with smooth muscle and connective tissues to handle the higher speeds and pressure while also being comparatively narrow
Veins are wider but with less smooth muscle and thinner connective tissue and have one way valves to prevent blood from getting stuck
capillary beds are the smallest and thinnest to allow for exchange and diffusion to occur, this layer is called basal lamina
blood pressure
systolic pressure is when the ventricles contract
diastolic pressure is when the ventricles relax
regulation through vasoconstriction and dilation
gravity and movement are important factors in the circulation of blood
Capillaries
precapillary sphincters control how much blood flows through a given capillary bed
lymphatic system serves to return lost fluid and proteins to the 4blood
composition and function of blood
Plasma
water
plasma protiens
ions
Cellular elements
erythrocytes
serve to transport O2 throughout the body
platelets
allow for clotting and signaling of injury
leukocytes
serve immunes system functions
bone marrow stem cell
B cells and T cells
erythrocytes, platelets, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils
Replacement of Cellular Elements
gas exchange over specialized surfaces
partial pressure determines how certain chemicals are absorbed and expelled and how efficiently they are exchanged
respiratory surfaces heavily dependent on environment
different forms of respiratory system
gills
require constant movement of water over surface
Tracheal Systems
respiratory surfaces are enclosed within the body, exposed to the atmosphere only through narrow tubes
lungs
localized respiratory organs usually with one opening
lunged breathing
amphibians positive pressure
birds constantly have fresh air in lungs
mammals use negative pressuer
breath control
lowering pH in blood sends signals to brain to increase breathing to expel CO2
Adaptations for gas exchange
metal and protein compound that absorbs O2 to transport throughout the body
hemocyanin
found in arthropods and many molluscs
hemoglobin
invertebrate species and almost all species of vertebrates
Diving Mammals
volume of blood per kilogram of body mass
muscles of seals and other diving mammals contain more myoglobin
glide rather than actively paddle or swim
Immune System
adaptive immunity, receptors provide pathogen-specific recognition
antigens trigger adaptive immunity
B cells
produce the antibodies
T cells
specifically look for the pathogen and destroy
Adaptive immunity defends against infection of body fluids and body cells
helper T activate immunity
foreign molecule must be present that can bind specifically to the antigen receptor
antigen must be displayed on the surface of an antigen-presenting cell
cytotoxic T cells
toxic proteins to kill cells infected by viruses or other intracellular pathogens before pathogens fully mature
B cels and antibodies
helper T cells and proteins on the surface of pathogens activate B cells
B cell proliferates and differentiates into memory B cells and antibody-secreting plasma cells
antibodies serve to attach to pathogens antigens to prevent bonding with cells instead
Immunization
use of antigens artificially introduced into the body to generate an adaptive immune response and memory cell formation
vaccines build immunization library
immune rejection
forgein tissues are reconized as forgien and attacked
innate immunity relies on common traits in pathogens
Innate Immunity of Invertebrates
phagocytosis
physical and chemical barriers
Innate Immunity of Vertebrates
barrier defense
Cellular
NK cells
dendritic cells
Mast cells
Eosinophils
evasions of innate immunity
outer capsule that surrounds certain bacteria interferes with molecular recognition and phagocytosis
resist breakdown
Disruptions in immune system function can elicit or exacerbate disease
Exaggerated
allergies recognize foreign objects as a threat and overreact
Self-Directed
autoimmune disease attacks your own body
Diminished
Immunodeficiency Diseases is a lack of reaction at all and leads to constant infection and higher likelihood of cancers
Adaptations of Pathogens That Underlie Immune System Avoidance
Antigenic Variation
changes antigen shape to be unrecognized
latency
infect and then lay dormant until something triggers it
HIV
attacks immune system directly and can completely wipe out the adaptive immune response
10% of cancers are caused by viruses and is why the immune system can recognize them
vaccines have massively improved chances against certain cancers because it makes us more resistant to the viruses that can cause cancer