Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Vitamins M6 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - tissue is constantly being broken down and replaced. at 30 bone mass development is finished after that bone tissue is replaced less and less each year. Good intakes of calcium and vitamin d and exercise helps build up bone density. calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, fluoride, and vitamins A, K, and D are known to be most important to bones and teeth. without the minerals, the crystals are missing making one more subject to fractures.
  - - - Antioxidants stops the free radicals from stealing their unpaired electrons from other molecules by giving up an electron without making another unstable molecule. Selenium and vitamins C, E, and beta carotene function as antioxidants
      - Atherosclerosis is a heart condition causes by the build up of fatty plaque in blood vessels as it blocks blood flow. Causes by high LDL. Antioxidants protects LDL from being oxidized lowering the risk of plaque build up. vitamins C E and beta carotene
        
        high levels of a compound called homocysteine can also contribute to artery damage. to break down, low intakes of vitamins b6 b12 and folate can lead to high levels and higher atherosclerosis risk.
- - - - Active form is known as retinol, found in animal-derived foods. plant provitamin is known as beta carotene. the provitamin is inactive when consumed, it is stored in fat layer under the skin and liver. The body then activates it when needed.
        
        many cells require A for cell differentiation, progress that changes stem cells to specialized cells with specific structures and functions. Needed to support healing, immunity, bone development, and reproduction. Also functions as antioxidant.
        
        Deficiency: first sign is night blindness, since vitamin A is needed to see in low light, when lacking, seeing at night becomes much harder. Dry eyes and keratin secretion (hard lumps/rough skin). Leading cause of blindness is lack of vitamin A.
        
        Toxicity: it is fat soluble, so too much stored in liver can reach toxic levels. Symptoms include itchy skin, loss of appetite, nausea, dizziness, and worst case scenario liver failure. Beta carotene is not active and therefore doesn't carry the same risks as vitamin A, excess (from orange pigment) can cause skin to appear yellow. Large excess amounts for long periods is linked to cancer risks and death.
    - - functions as a hormone to keep minerals in bones, when lacking minerals leach out and make bones weaker and less dense. Also influences the health of kidneys and intestines. Two types: D2 is from plant sources, fortified foods, and supplements. D3 is from animal sources and the body makes from sunlight, both must be activated in liver and kidneys.
        
        can be synthesized through cholesterol precursor that the body makes and stores in the fat layer under skin, when ultraviolet strikes the precursor it chemically changes and is sent to liver and kidneys to activate.
        
        Risk factors for synthesizing inadequate amounts: living far from equator, darker skin, old age, wearing sun block. Excess from supplements risks calcifying soft tissues in the blood vessels, impairing blood flow and possibly leading to death, but very rare
    - - eight substances male up fat soluble vitamin E, Alpha-tocopherol is most common in foods and functions most as antioxidant. Protective of lipids, significant to heart disease prevention. Helps avoid LDL oxidation and build up in vessels. Also plays a role in immune, gene expression, and cell signaling, and blood thinning. Prevents blood clotting, but counteracts vitamin K.
        
        Deficiency is pretty rare, only likely to appear with impaired digestion and fat absorption. Symptoms include nerve/muscle damage, difficulty walking, vision problems, weak immune. High dose can be linked too increased risk of prostate cancer in men, excessive bleeding, stroke, and death
    - - Deficiency is not common but would cause hemorrhaging and inability to stop bleeding, newborns are more at risk from low amounts in breast milk and sterile GI tract. All newborns receive vitamin K shots after birth.
        
        high intake can interfere with blood thinner medications. crucial for those on blood thinners to consume vitamin K to prevent interference.
        
        can be produced by bacteria in the colon
  - - - B12 Meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, and dairy
        
        neither plants or animals can make it, but bacteria can synthesize it. important for protection of myelin sheath and nerve cells, also needed for enzymes used in metabolism of carbs, fats, and proteins. requires compound secreted by stomach called intrinsic factor.In cases of problems with the stomach (including bariatric surgery), inadequate intrinsic factor may be produced. The result is a condition called pernicious anemia, a type of macrocytic anemia. The risk of vitamin B12 deficiency increases with age, due to an increasing risk of stomach problems such as atrophic gastritis
      - B6 Meat, fish, poultry, whole grain and fortified bread/cereal/pasta, potatoes, carrots, spinach avocados, and bananas
        
        also known as pyridoxine, coenzyme in more than 100 enzymatic reactions, most oles with protein metabolism, also needed for neurotransmitters.
        
        deficiency is uncommon but seen most in alcoholics, end stage renal disease, and those with impaired nutrient absorption . accosted with impaired cognition, lethargy, tingling in hands and feet, depression, can increase heart disease risk. Anemia.
        
        toxic effects of excess vitamin B6 can cause nerve damage, skin lesions, photosensitivity, and GI problems like nausea and heartburn. mostly occurs from excessive supplement use.
    - - Important in glucose, acts as coenzyme for breaking down glucose for energy. Plays a role in th synthesis of neurotransmitters and needed for RNA, DNA, and ATP synthesis
        
        When deficient, the brain and heart are mostly impacte. Beri Beri is the syndrome caused by thiamin deficiency, includes nerve damage and impaired senses and reflexes. Alcoholism can cause deficiency known as Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
    - - coenzyme for energy metabolism also plays role in cellular function, growth, and metabolism of fats, meds, and steroids. Needed to make niacin from animo acid tryptophan, not stored well and needs to be consumed daily.
        
        deficiency causes glossitis (swollen and glossy tongue) lesions in mouth corners, and pain and crusting by mouth.
    - - primary function is to assist energy metabolism and is involved in more than 400 enzymatic reactions, more than any other vitamin, can be made from tryptophan but still needs to be consumed for good amounts in body.
        
        deficiency: most common is pellagra known as 4 D's- dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and death. Not common today but was in low income areas in early 1900s
        
        Excess: unique because excess can have mediciaal properties to lower LDL and raise HDL (at 100x RDA) and must come from supplements. can also lower bad cholesterol. But this also can cause peptic ulcer disease and liver problems and not recommended.
    - - needed for coenzymes in metabolism of energy. helps break down homocysteine to reduce risk of heart disease. needed to take Rna and DNA. In rapid cellular division like pregnancy, it is needed in higher amounts. need for synthesizing red and white blood cells.
        
        when deficient it leads to microcytic anemia, it is when red blood cells can't make RNA and DNA fast enough so cells grow but don't divide. resulting in large blood cells that can't carry oxygen right.
        
        smoking and chronic alcholohol intake can interfere with absorption. Deficiency of folate in the first part of pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects, such as spina bifida. The folate deficiency prevents the spinal column from fully closing. In turn, the spinal cord comes out, leading to many physical and mental disabilities.
    - - Biotin and Pantothenic Acid are water-soluble B vitamins. They are both essential as coenzymes in the metabolism of the macronutrients to obtain ATP. Biotin is critical to making oxaloacetate. If you recall from the metabolism section, oxaloacetate is necessary to combine with acetyl CoA to make the Kreb's cycle work. Pantothenic acid is part of coenzyme A that makes acetyl CoA. They are both widespread in animal and plant sources. In turn, it is difficult to identify individual deficiencies in biotin or pantothenic acid.
    - - most mammals can make vitamin c but humans lack the enzyme to synthesize it so we have to consume it daily. Vitamin C protects from radical damage and protects inside and outside cells. also helps regenerate vitamin E after it gives up electron. Needed to make collage and renewal of cells.
        
        also important aspect of immune system and helps fight off bacteria and viruses. makes hormones and neurotransmitters that signal brain messaging. excess use will just be excreted in urine. but excess can cause upset GI and diarrhea.
        
        when metabolism speeds up (extreme physical stress, the invaded with oxidants) the body uses more vitamin C. Smoking, infection, burns, extreme temps, heavy metal ingestion, and certain meds can increase need for vitamin C.