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Unit 3: Evolution, EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION, Two completely different…

- - - - Most are neutral
  - - - fitness: an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
  - - - Polar bears
        
        evolved to have white fur
        
        Selective force: white, cold, snow
        
        Variation of traits: light fur color, dark fur color
        
        Adaptation: light fur
        
        helps blend in more to catch prey
        
        Unfavorable trait: dark fur
        
        doesn't help blend in more to catch prey
        
        lives in a cold, snowy environment
      - Goldfish
        
        lake environment
        
        Selective force: preference of humans (fishermen)
        
        Variation of traits: gold color, brown color, yummy and bitter, smooth and rough texture, low/high agility
        
        adaptation: brown, bumpy, high agility, bitter
        
        unfavorable trait: gold, yummy, smooth, low agility
    - - Sickle Cell Disease
        
        Homozygous dominant: normal
        
        Likely to get malaria
        
        Homozygous recessive: sickle cell disease
        
        Heterozygous: sickle cell trait (usually abc, but if low oxygen --> sickle)
        
        Sickle cells in blood
      - Heterozygotes have the highest fitness
        
        Heterozygote Advantage
    - - humans select desirable traits in agricultural products or animals
      - "selective breeding"
      - HUMANS are selective force
      - takes less time than natural selection
      - humans benefit
      - Similarities between Artificial and Natural selection
        
        organisms with the most "desirable" (most fit) reproduce the most
        
        aim to increase characteristics
        
        Causes less variation of traits
        
        both need time, variation of traits, selective force, unequal reproduction
    - - female preference is selective force
      - Females pick who to mate with
      - Sexual Dimorphism
        
        when females and males act and look different
- - - - EXTINCTION
  - - - If a parent acquired a trait in their lifetime, they would pass it down to offspring
    - - If a limb or body part was used a lot, it grew stronger. If a body part wasn't used a lot, it deteriorated
- - - - mate or flower at different times
    - - have different courtship rituals/songs/dances
    - - a physical barrier (river, mountain, ocean, etc.)
    - - different mechanisms, behaviors, and physiological processes
    - - different body structure/genetic differences
- - - - Can be dominant or recessive
      - Genotype: a combination of alleles; gives instructions for physical trait (Bb, BB, bb)
      - Phenotype: Physical trait
      - Heterozygous: one dominant, one recessive allele
      - Homozygous: both dominant/both recessive
- - - - UNLIKELY
    - - SLOW AND STEADY (gradual)
    - - Punctuated (fast!)
- - - - he went to the Galapagos because of the high biodiversity and variation of climates
      - He traveled for 5 years (1831-1836)
      - He made two observations:
        
        lots of babies were born, but not all survive
        
        "inherent struggle for existence"
        
        competition for food, mates, shelter, etc.
        
        organisms who are better adapted is likely to survive
        
        great variation in offspring
    - - wasn't going to publish it at first, but then did because of Alfred Russel Wallace