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Osteoporosis - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Older age
        
        Sex
        
        Family history
        
        Menopause/hormonal changes
    - - Smoking
        
        Alcohol use
        
        Low exercise level
        
        Poor nutrition, especially low calcium and vitamin D intake
  - - - Aging
      - Female sex, especially postmenopausal estrogen loss
      - Family history
      - Low calcium or vitamin D intake
      - Physical inactivity
      - Smoking
      - Heavy alcohol use
- - - - Back pain
      - Bone pain or tenderness
      - Reduced ability to move normally
      - Fracture after a minor fall or injury
  - - - Loss of height over time
      - Stooped posture or kyphosis
      - Fragility fractures, especially hip, wrist, or vertebrae
- - - - Weight-bearing and muscle-strengthening exercise
      - Fall prevention
      - Stop smoking
      - Limit alcohol
    - - Adequate calcium
        Adequate vitamin D
    - - Bisphosphonates
        
        Hormone-related therapy in selected patients
        
        Bone-building medicines such as teriparatide or abaloparatide
  - - - Osteoporosis is usually chronic and manageable, not typically curable.
      - It often progresses silently until a fracture happens.
      - Early diagnosis and treatment can slow bone loss and reduce fracture risk.