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Chapter 6: The Cell - Coggle Diagram

- - - - intermediate filaments
        
        diameters in a middle range
      - Microtubules
        
        thickest of the three types
        
        composed of tubulin proteins
        
        tubulin: dimer
        
        molecule made up of 2 components
      - microfilaments (AKA actin filaments)
        
        thinnest
  - - - globular protein, links into chains
    - - support the cell’s shape
    - - outer cytoplasm region
    - - motor protein
        
        associates into filaments
        
        interact with actin filaments
        
        causes cell contraction
    - - cellular extension of amoeboid cells
    - - speeds distribution of materials within cells
- - - - infolding of inner membrane
    - - contains enzymes and substrates for citric acid cycle
  - - - absorbs sunlight
        
        solar energy -> chemical energy
    - - granum: thylakoids stack in chloroplast
        
        stroma: dense fluid surrounding thylakoid membrane & containing ribosomes & DNA
    - - plant organelles
      - amyloplast
        
        stores starch (amylose)
  - - - endosymbiont
  - - - autonomous
        
        reproduce within cells
  - - - organelle, contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms
      - glyoxysomes
        
        found in fat-storing tissues of plant seeds
- - - - membrane-bound sac in or outside a cell
  - - - outer surface lacks ribosomes
        
        synthesis of lipids
        
        oils, steroids, and new membrane phospholipids
        
        detoxification
        
        adds hydroxyl groups to drug molecules
        
        sedative phenobarbital
        
        carbohydrates metabolism
        
        calcium ion storage
    - - studded with ribosomes on membrane outer surface
      - glycoproteins: proteins, carbohydrates covalently bonded
      - transport vesicles
        
        small membranous sac in cytoplasm carrying molecules produced by cell.
  - - - cis face
        
        receiving department
        
        "same side"
      - trans face
        
        shipping department
        
        usually located near the ER
    - - formed in ER
        
        carbohydrates modified
        
        first in the ER
        
        the pass through Golgi
        
        Golgi removes some sugar monomer, substitutes others
        
        produces variety of carbohydrates
  - - - enzymes digest the food
    - - hydrolytic enzymes recycle cell’s organic material
    - - type of endocytosis, which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell
    - - released enzymes are not very active
  - - - moves excess water out of freshwater protists
    - - growth, storage, and sequestration of toxic substances
    - - formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms to be used as food by cells
- - - - some in mitochondria and cytoplasts
    - - double membrane that surrounds the nucleus
        
        2 membranes
        
        each a lipid bilayer
    - - structures carry genetic information
      - contains one long DNA molecule
        
        associated with many proteins
        
        including small basic proteins (histones)
      - chromatin
        
        complex of DNA and proteins making up chromosomes
    - - specialized structure, consists chromosomal regions containing rRNA genes and ribosomal proteins from cytoplasm
      - ribosomal RNA is synthesized from genes in DNA
  - - - suspended in cytosol
    - - attached to nuclear envelope
  - - - regulates entry and exit of proteins and RNAs
  - - - intermediate filaments
        
        maintain shape of nucleus by mechanically supporting nuclear envelope
    - - framework of protein fibers
        
        extends throughout nuclear interior
- - - - surrounds plasma membrane of young cells
      - middle lamella
        
        adhesive extracellular material
    - - several laminated layers around plasma membrane
  - - - glycoprotein in the extracellular matrix
    - - small protein with carbohydrate chains attached
    - - glycoprotein secreted by animal cells that attach to extracellular matrix
    - - transmembrane receptor protein with 2 subunits
  - - - desmosomes
        
        functions as a rivet, fastening cells together
      - gap junctions
        
        allows passage of materials between cells
      - tight junctions
        
        prevents leakage of material through space between cells
    - - connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells
        
        water passes through
- - - - lysosomes enzymes & cytoskeleton proteins
        
        made up of ribosomes
        
        synthes
        
        programmed by genetic messages
        
        processes require energy
        
        mitochondria supply as ATP
- - - - instrument - lenses that refract (bend) light to magnify images
    - - magnification
        
        ratio of an object’s image size to its real size
      - resolution
        
        measure of the clarity of the image
      - contrast
        
        difference in brightness between the light and dark areas
    - - membrane-enclosed structures within eukaryotic cells
    - - focuses beam of electrons through specimen or onto its surface
      - resolution
        
        inversely related to the wavelength of the light
      - revealed subcellular structures
      - disadvantage: procedure to prepare kill specimen cells
      - cryo-EM
        
        allows specimens to be preserved at extremely low temperatures. This avoids the use of preservatives, allowing visualization of structures in their cellular environment
        
        used to complement X-ray crystallography
        
        reveals protein complexes and subcellular structures
        
        ribosomes
        
        used to resolve some individual proteins
    - - useful for detailed study of the topography of a specimen
      - electron beam scans surface of sample
        
        beam excites electrons on the surface
        
        these secondary electrons are detected by a device
        
        translates electron pattern into electronic signal
        
        sent to video screen
        
        result: specimen’s surface image appears 3-D
    - - used to study internal structure of cells
    - - biochemistry
        
        study of cell chemical processes
        
        like metabolism
      - tools of cytology
        
        the study of cell structure
    - - disruption of a cell
        
        separation parts by centrifugation at high speeds
- - - - domains Bacteria and Archaea
      - nucleoid
    - - domain Eukarya
        
        protists, fungi, animals, and plants
      - nucleus
      - cytoplasm
        
        between nucleus and plasma membrane
      - larger in size
    - - semifluid portion of the cytoplasm
    - - carry genes in the form of DNA
    - - make proteins