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Chapter 40/41 concept map - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 40/41 concept map
40.1
Natural selection favors those variations in a population that increase relative fitness
Natural selection often results in similar adaptations when diverse organisms face the same environmental challenge
Ex. Seals, Penguins, and Tuna all have tapered bodies to increase speed in water
Animals must exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with their environment
The rate of exchange is proportional to the membrane surface area involved in exchange, whereas the amount of material that must be exchanged is proportional to the total body volume
The space between cells are filled with fluid known as interstitial fluid
Link exchange surfaces to body cells
Complex body plans also include a circulatory fluid, such as blood
Cells are organized into tissues, groups of cells with similar appearance and a common function
Different types of tissue are further organized into functional units called organs
The simplest animals, such as sponges, lack organs or even true tissue
Groups of organs that work together, providing an additional level of organization and coordination, make up an organ system
the skin is an organ of the integumentary system, which protects against infection and helps regulatelate body temperature
Organ systems include specialized organs made up of specialized tissure and cells
4 Main types of animal tissue. Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
Animals have two major systems for coordinating and controlling responses to stimuli. The endocrine and nervous systems
The signaling molecules that are sent through the bpody by the endocrine system are called hormones
Different hormones cause distinct effects, and only cells that have receptors for a particular hormone respond
In the nervous system, signals called nerve impulses travel to specific target cells along communication lines consisting mainly of axons
40.2
An animal is a regulator for an environmental variable if it uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
An animal is a conformer is it allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes in the particular variable
Homeostasis is the maintenance of internal balance
Examples- The steady body temp of an otter and the stable concentration of solutes in a freshwater bass
The homeostatic control system in animals maintains a variable within a set range of values or set point
Any fluctuation in the variable of the set point serves as the stimulus
Stimulus is detected by a sensor
sensor signals a control signal which triggers a response
Homeostasis moderates but does not elimate change
Negative feedback damps the stimulus while positive feed back amplifies the feedback
Acclimatization is an animals physiilogical adjustment to changes in its external enviornment
Circadian rythm is a set of physiological changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
40.3
Themoregulation is the process in which animals maintain their body temp within the upper and lower limits of the set points
Maintaining a rate of heat gain that equals the rate of heat loss
Endothermic means that the organism is warmed mostly by heat generated by metabalism. Examples are Humans and other mammals as well as birds
Ectothermic means that the organism is warmed by external sources. examples are amphibians, many nonavian reptiles and fishes
Many ectotherms adjust their body temp by behavioral means such as seeking out shade or lying in the sun
An animal whose body temperature varies with its enviornment is called poikilotherm
A homeotherm has a relatively constant body temperature
Thermoregulation depends on an animals ability to to control the exchange of heat with its enviornment
The exchange can occur four ways. Radiation, evaporation, convection, and conduction
Insulation reudces the flow of heat between the animals body and its enviornment
animals can adjust insulating layers to further regulate body temp
Circulatory systems provide a major route for heat flow between the interior and exterior of the body
Vasodilation is the widening of superficial blood vessels
Vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the diameter of superficial vessels
Countercurrent exchange is the transfer of heat or solutes between fluids that are flowing in opposite directions
Many organisms use evaporation to cool their bodies during extreme temperatures
In humans and other mammals, the sensors responsible for thermoregulation are concentrated in the hypothalamus, the brain region that also controls the circadian clock
40.4
Bioenergetics are the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal
determines nutritional needs and is related to the animals size activity and enviornment
autotrophs, such as plants, use light energy to build energy rich molecules which they then use for fuel.
Heterotrophs, such as animals, obtain their energy from food
Food is digested by enzematic hydrolysis and nutrients are absorbed by body cells
ATP powers cellular work, enablings cells, organs, and organ systems to do their job and keep the animal alive
Biosynthesis is needed for body growth and repair, sythesis of storage mnaterial such as fat, and production of gametes
the sum of all the energy an animal uses in a given time interval is called its metabolic rate
Metabolic rate can be measured by monitoring heat loss, metabolic rate can also be determined from the amount of oxygen consumed or carbon dioxide produced by an animals cellular respiration
the minimum metabolic rate for a nongrowing endothermic that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress is called the basal metabolic rate (BMR)
the minimum metabolic rate of ectotherms is determined at a specific temperature because changes in the enviornmental temperature alter body temperature and therefore metabolic rate. TA he metabolic rate of a fasting, non stressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature is caled its standard d metabolic rate (SMR)
Metabolic rate remains roughly proportional to body mass to the three quarter power
Topor is a physiological state of decreased activity and metabolism
Hibernation is a long term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity
41.1