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Lymphatic/Immune System Alexis Zatarain Per.3 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System
Alexis Zatarain
Per.3
Major Func of Lymphatic & Immune Syst.
Lymphatic:returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood
Immune: provides resistance to disease
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Spleen
left side of abdominal cavity, just
below stomach, largest
Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
Cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets macrophages remove debris
MALT
Lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes
Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances
Protects from pathogens trying to enter body
Tonsils:gather and remove pathogens in food or air
Palatine tonsils: at posterior end of oral cavity
Lingual tonsil: lumpy collection of follicles at base of tongue
Pharyngeal tonsil: also called adenoids; located in posterior wall of nasopharynx
Tubal tonsils: surround openings of auditory tubes into pharynx
Peyer’s patches: clusters of lymphoid follicles in wall of distal portion of small intestine
Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
Generate “memory” lymphocytes
Appendix:offshoot of first part of large intestine
Destroy bacteria, preventing them from breaching intestinal wall
Generate “memory” lymphocytes
Thymus: bilobed lymphoid organ found in inferior neck
where T cells mature
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First:Surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions
second:if microorganisms invade deeper tissues
defenses
Phagocytes
– Natural killer (NK) cells
– Inflammatory response (macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory
chemicals)
– Antimicrobial proteins (interferons and complement proteins)
– Fever
third:
remembers past diesease
Innate & Adaptive defenses
Innate:
nonspecific
1st and 2nd line of defense
adaptive
specific
Third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances
systemic: not restricted to initial site
memory: mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigens
Humoral & Cellular Response
humoral
Antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluids
Bind temporarily to target cell
Mark for destruction
cellular
Lymphocytes act against target cell
Directly—by killing infected cells
Indirectly—by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response
Antigens vs Antibodies
antigens
substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune
response
Targets of all adaptive immune responses
-complete antigen or hapten
– Contain antigentic determinants
– Can be a self-antigen
Self-antigens: all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are
not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions
antibodies
proteins secreted by plasma
cells
five Ig classes
IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, and IgE
do not destroy antigens; they inactivate and tag them
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally
(active) formed in response to
actual bacterial or viral infection
artificial
(active) formed in response to
vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
naturally
(passive) antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant
through milk
Artificially
injection of serum, such as gamma globulin
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
specific antibodies against them
passive :
occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into
body
B cells are not challenged by antigens
Protection ends when antibodies degrade
Cells In Immune Syst
neutrophils:First responders that quickly attack and digest bacteria.
macrophages:Large cells that “eat” pathogens and clean up dead cells. They also alert other immune cells
Dendritic Cells:Show pieces of pathogens (antigens) to T cells to activate the adaptive immune response.
Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Destroy virus-infected cells and cancer cells.
B Cells
Produce antibodies that attach to specific pathogens
Helper T Cells
Coordinate the immune response by activating other immune cells
Cytotoxic T Cells
Kill infected or damaged body cells directly.
Memory T Cells
Remain in the body to provide long-lasting immunity
Disorders
mmunodeficiency: congenital or acquired conditions that impair function or production
of immune cells
Hodgkin’s disease is an acquired immunodeficiency that causes cancer of B cells
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cripples immune system by interfering
with activity of helper T cells
utoimmune disease results when immune system loses ability to distinguish self from
foreign