Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES - Coggle Diagram
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF LARGE BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES
The 4 classes of biomolecules are Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic acids, and Lipids.
Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Nucleic acids are considered Macromolecules because of their ability to form polymers
Lipids are not macromolecules because they do not form polymers
Polymer
- long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
Monomers-
repeating units that serve as building blocks
Dehydration reaction
- removes H2O to build structures. Examples include carbohydrates and proteins
Hydrolysis
- adds H2O to break polymers into monomers. Examples: Digestion
CARBOHYDRATES
Carbohydrates
- include sugars and polymers of sugars made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 1:2:1. They are a source of energy & provide structural support. Example: Glucose
Simplest carbohydrates are
monosaccharides
, while 2 sugars exist as
disaccharides
, and carbohydrate macromolecules are
polysaccharides
Starch
- how plants store sugar as
Glycogen-
how animals store sugar. Vertebrates store glycogen in the liver and muscle cells
Cellulose
- major polysaccharide of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
Cellulose is enlisted as
"insoluble fiber
", helps with waste in human body
Chitin
- structural polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of arthropods
Monomers
Monomer for Carbohydrate is glucose
Monomer for Nucleic acid is nucleotide
Monomer for Protein is Amino acid
The building blocks for lipids are Fatty acids
LIPIDS
Lipids
- group of large biomolecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. They provide energy, make up cell membranes, and act as hormones
Fats
- consist of a glycerol molecule joined to three fatty acids
Saturated fats-
Fatty acids in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton
Unsaturated fats-
fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail, reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to carbon skeleton
Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
Phospholipids-
has two fatty acids & phosphate group attached to a glycerol
Contains a hydrophilic head (interacts with water) and a hydrophobic (does not interact with water) tail
Amphipathic-
polar and nonpolar regions
Steroids and cholesterol are lipids
Polymers
Polymers for carbohydrates are Polysaccharides
Polymers for Nucleic acids are DNA/RNA
Polymers for Protein are Polypeptides
Through chemical reactions, Triglycerides are formed in Lipids
PROTEINS
Proteins
- Catalyze reactions and transport substances into and out of cells. Example: Alcohol Dehydrogenase
Enzymes-
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions, catalysts
Temperature and pH denature an enzyme
Has 4 levels of structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary
Nucleic Acid
Nucleic acid-
store genetic info & function in gene expression. Example: DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
provides directions for its own replication and directs synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA) and, through mRNA, controls protein synthesis, gene expression
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Pyrimidines-
1 ring of nitrogenous bases, Includes Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil
Purines-
2 ring nitrogenous bases. Includes Adenine & Guanine
mRNA travels from nucleus to cytoplasm, carrying instructions for making specific proteins
DNA > mRNA > Protein
Palindromic
- reading the same forward and backward
Double Helix-
DNA molecules having two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis