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Chapter 5 - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nitrogenous Bases
        
        DNA: A,T,C,G
        
        RNA: A,U,C,G
        
        Phosphodiester linkage bonds nucleotides
        
        Functions
        
        Stores
        
        transmit
        
        help express hereditary
        
        46 chromosomes
        
        Double helix
        
        Single strand
        
        Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil)
        have a single six-membered ring
        
        Purines (adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
      - Consists of phosphate, sugsar, and nitrogenous base
      - Nucleoside: Sugar & Nitrogenous base
- - - - Polymer: Polysaccharides
        
        Ex: Cellulose, Starch, Glycogen, and Chitin
        
        Cellulose function - strengthen cell wall
        
        Starch function: stores glucose for plants
        
        Chitin: Strengthen cell wall for fungus & strengthen exoskeleton for animals
        
        Glycogen function - stores glucose for animals
        
        1:2:1 ratio (carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen)
        
        Function: Immediate energy
      - Ex: Sucrose & Lactose
      - Function: Fuel
      - Dehydration reaction joins the monosaccharide, turns into a covalent bond between the two monosaccharides
- - - - Function
        
        Enzymes
        
        Danature
        
        pH levels not being right
        
        Temperature too high
        
        Catalyst: increases chemical reaction
        
        They are specific
        
        By pH and Temperature
        
        To bond & recognize other molecules
      - Alzheimer’s
      - Mad Cow
      - Parkinson’s
- - - - Phospholipids
        
        Varies
        
        Steriods
        
        Hydrogenation
        
        Definition: uses water to break down bonds
        
        Unsaturated —> saturated
        
        Unsaturated veggie oil —> trans double bonds
        
        Consist of lipids, double bonds, and carbon exoskeleton
        
        Ex: cholesterol
        
        They vary by length, location, and # of double bonds
        
        Consist of 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group
        
        Peptide bond attaches to phosphate group
        
        2 fatty acids contain hydrophobic (doesn’t like water) and hydrophilic (likes water)
      - Saturated Fat
      - Unsaturated Fat
      - 1) max # of hydrogen atoms 2) no double bonds
      - 1) over max # of hydrogen atoms 2) double bonds
      - Ex: solid at room temp (butter)
      - Ex: liquid at room temp (plants, fish, and oils)