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Chapter 5-Biological Macromolecules - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5-Biological Macromolecules
Structure & Assembly of Macromolecules
Monomer
small building block
ex: monosaccharide, amino acid, nucleotide
Polymer
long chain of monomers
formed by covalent bonds
ex: polysaccharide, protein, DNA/RNA
Dehydration synthesis
removes H2O
builds polymers
forms covalent bonds
Hydrolysis
adds H2O
breaks polymers
digestion process
Enzymes
biological catalysts
lower activation energy
specific (active site)
Carbohydrates
Structure
C:H:O (1:2:1 ratio)
monomer = monosaccharide
glycosidic linkage
polysaccharides
starch
plant storage
a-glucose
Glycogen
animal storage
highly branched
Cellulose
plant cell wall
B-glucose
insoluble fiber
Chitin
exoskeleton
fungal cell walls
Functions
energy
energy storage
structural support
Lipids
Properties
hydrophobic
nonpolar
not true polymers
Fats (Triglycerides)
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
dehydration reaction
Saturated fats
no double bonds
solid at room temp
Unsaturated fats
liquid at room temp
1 or more double bonds
Phospholipids
phosphate head (hydrophilic)
fatty acid tails (hydrophobic)
cell membrane bilayer
Proteins
Monomer
amino acid
peptide bond
Levels of Structure
primary - amino acid sequence
secondary - a-helix/B sheet
tertiary - 3D folding
quaternary - multiple poly peptides
Functions
enzymes
transport
structure
signaling
Nucleic Acids
Monomer
nucleotide
sugar
phosphate
nitrogenous base
DNA
double helix
antiparallel strands
A -T (2 bonds)
C - G (3 bonds)
RNA
single stranded
U instead of T
Bases
Purines - A, G (2 rings)
Pyrimidines - C, T, U (1 ring)
Protein synthesis
Transcription
DNA - mRNA
nucleus
Translation
mRNA - protein
ribosome
Palindromic Sequences
reads same '5 - '3
restriction enzymes recognize
