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Drug Addiction - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Positive reinforcement is created where an association between as specific behavior and a positive outcome, and increase the likelihood of pursuing this behavior
      - The consumption of drugs induces a supraphysiologic firing of dopamine neurons from the ventral tegmental area to the dorsal stratum
      - Different cellular mechanisms, neurotransmitters, receptors, and synaptic afferences collectively participate to mediate the positive reinforcement
    - - The overuse of the award system induces a reduction in the sensitivity of the dopaminergic pathway diminishing the pleasure the positive stimuli can arouse
      - The substance is sought to regain pleasurable feelings to evade the uncomfortable feelings
      - Negative reinforcement is persistent
      - Abstinence from the drug can lead to characteristic withdrawal symptoms including psychological and physical pain, shivers, nausea, vomiting, etc
      - An overactivation of the brain stress system leads to negative emotions
      - the negative feelings that characterize this stage evolve from the involvement of a group of brain structures, collectively defined as extended amygdala, which comprises central amygdala nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the NAcc shell
    - - Even in the absence of the drug, drug related environmental cues can create powerful motivational and emotional responses that may reinstate and maintain drug use
      - The events of this stage are alteractions affect different brain regions, including the prefrontal cortex
      - Individuals in this stage have weakened self control
      - The hippocampus and the insula have major roles in the condition that drug related cues have over addicts