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Audrina Hernandez Period 3 Lymphatic/Immune system - Coggle Diagram
Audrina Hernandez
Period 3
Lymphatic/Immune system
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired Immunity
Active Humoral Immunity
Artificially acquired: formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogen
Naturally acquired: Formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection; antibodies being delivered
Passive Humoral Immunity
Naturally acquired: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificially acquired: injection of serum; protection is immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body
Passive vs. Active Immunity
Passive Immunity - occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into the body
Active Immunity - occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens: substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response
can be complete or incomplete
has antigenic determinants
can be a self-antigen
most are large, complex molecules not normally found in the body
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins): proteins secreted by plasma cells
can bind specifically with antigens that are detected by B cells
do not destroy antigens, but prepare them for destruction with innate defenses
go after extracellular pathogens
Defensive Mechanisms: Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, & complement fixation
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral - Antibodies that are produced by lymphocytes are freely floating around body fluids and temporarily bind to target cells to mark them for destruction
Cellular - lymphocytes act against the targeted cell and directly kills it or indirectly kills it with chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response or activate other cells
Innate(natural) immune defenses and Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
and line of defenses
Innate (nonspecific) - makes up first and second line of defense
-First line of defense: external body membranes like skin and mucosae
-Second line of defense: antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells which prevents spread of invaders
release proteins that alert cells of adaptive system to fight forgein molecules
stops attacks by pathogens
Internal defenses: phagocytes, natural killer cells, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins, fever
-functional sysrem
Adaptive (specific) - third line of defense attacks particular foreign substances (takes longer to react)
involves both B and T cells
is a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen/abnormal cell in body
recognizes & targets specific antigens
not restricted to the initial site
creates a bigger attack when attacking known antigens that have been experienced before
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Lymph Nodes - cleanse lymph; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation; In Inguinal axillary, cervical regions, connective tissue
Spleen - cleanses blood and removes aged or defective red blood cells; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation; stores platelets, monocytes, and iron; on left side of abdominal cavity
MALT - prevent pathogens from penetrating mucous membrane; site for lymphocyte activation and proliferation
Thymus - site of T cell maturation; at inferior neck
Tonsils - gather and remove pathogens found in food or air; at posterior end of oral cavity, base of tongue, pharynx
Peyer's patches - destroys bacteria, Preventing breaching of intestinal wall, generates "memory" lymphocytes; in wall of distal portion of small intestine
Red bone marrow - filter lymph, traps foreign material; at upper arm
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Innate Immune system
Phagocytes: ingest and digest foreign invaders
Neutrophilis: most abundant; fight infectious material
Macrophages: cleanse the lymph and blood of debris and microorgamisms
Natural Killer cells: lymphocytes that "police" the blood/lymph; induces apoptosis to cells
Mast Cells and Basophils: release histamine that is involved in inflammatory; causes arterioles to dilated and capillaries to be leaky
Adaptive Immune system
B cells: responsible for Humoral immunity
T cells: responsible for cellular immunity
Plasma cells: secrete many antibodies that marks extracellular antigens for destruction
Memory B cells: after an infection, it stays in the body so if it comes back, a faster and stronger response will occur
Helper T cells: activate B cells, some T cells, and macrophages
Cytotoxic T cells: directly attacks and kills infected cells and cancer cells
Regulatory T cells: halts immune response to prevent autoimmune reactions
Memory T cells: mediate secondary immune response
APC's - act as vital link between innate and adaptive systems
Dendritic Cells: capture invaders and travel to lymph nodes to notify T cells
Macrophages and B Cells: Activate T cells
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Lymphatic system
Fluid Recovery: returns interstitial fluid/leaked plasma proteins back to blood
Cleansing/Filtering: lymph nodes cleanse; macrophages remove and destroy microorganisms
Structural Support for Immunity
Lipid absorption: absorb digested fats
Immune system
Surface Barriers such as skin and mucous to prevent pathogens from entering
Internal defenses: Cells inhibit the spread of invaders
Inflammation: prevents spread of damage, gets rid of debris
Targeted Elimination: targets specific antigens to eliminate
Humoral Immunity
Cellular Immunity
Immunological memory: adaptive system remembers antigens so if same antigen comes back, it will be prepared
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); cripples immune system; severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes
Autoimmune Disease: immune system loses ability to distinguish self from foreign
Autoimmunity: production of autoantibodies and sensitized T cells that destroys body tissues
-Rheumatoid arthritis: destroya joints
-Multiple Sclerosis: destroys white matter myelin
-Type 1 diabetes mellitus: destroys pancreatic cells
Systemic lupus erythematous: affects multiple organs
Glomerulonephritis: damages kidney
Myasthenia gravis: impairs nerve muscle connection
graves disease: causes hyperthyroidism
treatments are anti-inflammatory drugs, suppress immune system, activating regulatory T cells
Hypersensitivies (allergies): immune responses to percieved threat that cause tissue damage
Anaphylactic Shock: causes sudden vasodilation and drop in BP
Abscesses: collagen fibers are laid down walling off sac of pus
Granulomas: tumor-like growths
Immunodeficiencies: are congenital/acquired conditions that impair the production/function of immune cells and molecules