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Chapter 5 - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 5
Protein Synthesis
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Translation- ribosomes read the mRNA sequence to assemble amino acids into polypeptide chains, forming proteins.
RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a nucleic acid that plays a central role in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living cells.
Dehydration Synthesis- Vital chemical process that forms larger molecules from smaller ones by removing water, playing a crucial role in the creation of biological macromolecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
Any large group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starch, cellulose, containing hydrogen and oxygen in the same ratio as water (2:1) and used as structural materials and for energy storage within living tissues.
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Polymer- a substance that has a molecular structure consisting chiefly of or entirely a large number of similar units bonded together.
Examples of polymers:
Natural Polymers- These include proteins (like enzymes), cellulose (found in plants,) and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)
Synthetic Polymers- Common examples are plastics such as polyethylene (used in bags), polystyrene (used in foam products), and nylon (used in clothing).
Semi-Synthetic Polymers- These are modified natural polymers, such as rayon (derived from cellulose) and acetate (derived from cellulose acetate).
*Chitin- serves as structural support in arthropods and cell walls of fungi
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Proteins
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Hydrophobic Molecules- typically non-polar and do not interact well with water, such as fats and oils (fold inward away from water)
Hydrophilic Molecules- polar and readily interact with water including substances like sugars and salts.(remain on the surface)
Lipids
Any of a class of organic compounds that are fatty acids or their derivatives and are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents.
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Examples of Lipids:
Phospholipids- Major components of cell membranes, consisting of fatty acids, glycerol, and phosphate
Fats- Solid lipids used by animals for energy storage
*Waxes- Protective coatings found on plants and animals
Glycogen is the stored form of glucose in the body, serving as a readily available energy reserve primarily in the liver and muscles.
Saturated Fats- fatty acids with no double bonds between carbon
atoms, making them solid at room temp
Unsaturated Fats- Contain one or more double bonds, resulting in a
liquid state at room temp.
Nucleic Acids
Nucleic acids are essential biomolecules that store information in all living organisms and viruses, primarily existing as DNA and RNA
DNA is the primary genetic material in most organisms, and take the shape of a double helix
RNA-
mRNA (messenger RNA) carries genetic instructions to ribosomes for protein synthesis
tRNA (transfer RNA) brings amino acids to ribosomes during translation.
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) forms the score of ribosomes and catalyzes protein assembly
Palindromic- refers to a nucleic acid sequence acid sequence in DNA or RNA that reads the same on one strand in the 5' to 3' direction as its complementary strand does in the same direction
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