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chapter 5, CHAPTER 7, CHAPTER 6, chapter 8, cell replicates the single…

- - - - thermal energy
  - - - chemical energy
- - - - ex = exit
    - - en = in
      - phagocytosis
        
        celluar eating
      - Receptor mediated endocytosis
        
        concentrate for smaller things
- - - - Water flows across a membrane if it is impermeable to the solute.
  - - - plant cell
        
        flaccid
      - cell not loosing water cell is quilibrium
    - - plant cell
        
        turgid
      - has low solute outside cell
    - - lots of solute outside cell
      - plant cell
        
        plasmolyzed
        
        membrne broke open
- - - - ATP
      - NADPH
      - Taking CO2 and making it into an organic molecule
  - - - causes toxins
      - causes toxins
- - - - Chloroplast
        
        stroma
        
        Fluid inside chloroplasts
        
        grana
        
        Stack of thylakoid
        
        thylakoid
        
        Looks like a disc made of a membrane
      - stomata
        
        Allow air inside and outside the leaf
      - mesophyll
        
        Gets into cell through diffusion
- - - - White is all the colors
      - Light is being all absorbed
    - - All the light is being reflected
- - - - more energy on substrate sides
      - less energy on product side
  - - - oxidized form of NADH
        
        Redox Reactions
        
        oxidation is loss while reduction is gain
        
        LEO GER
      - electrons transfer NAD+ to NADH
    - - .
      - reduced form of NAD+
      - takes to electron transport chain
        
        energy from electrons fall from carrier to chain
        
        terminal electron acceptor is oxygen
  - - - cells capture released energy to make ATP
        
        How we move energy around
        
        body required continuous supply of energy
        
        cellular respiration provides enegry
        
        Take electrons from glucose
        
        uses energy from electrons in glucose to make ATP
        
        moves around in paried reactions
        
        electron of H goes to molecule to reduce
        
        oxygen ---> hydrogen is reduction
        
        balance of energy intake is required to maintain
        healthy weight
  - - - chloroplast take
- - - - ABLE TO MAKE ATP
        
        proteins
        
        fats
  - - - can stop ATP if enough reaches it
- - - - input
        
        2 Acetyl CoA
        
        1 glucose
      - ouput
        
        4 carbon dioxide
        
        2 ATP
        
        6 NADH
        
        2 FADH2
    - - Location: Inter membrane mitochondrial space
      - Input
        
        2 pyruvate
      - Outputs
        
        2 acetyl coA
        
        2 Co2
        
        2 NADH
  - - - 4 ATP
      - 2 pyruvate
      - 2 NADH
    - - 2 NAD+
      - 1 glucose
      - 2 ATP
    - - outside mitochondria
  - - - allows H+ to flow freely across membrane
      - decouples H+ flows from ATP synthase
      - spinning the inner mitchondrial membrane
  - - - O2
      - FADH
      - NADH
    - - H2O
      - ATP
- - - - input: 1 glucose, 2 ATP
      - output: 2 pyruvates, 2 lactates
    - - outputs: 2 pyruvates
        
        2 (1 carbon) = ethanol
      - inputs: glucose, 2 ATP
- - - - more copies of chromosomes
    - - needs hormone therapy
      - 1 sex chromosome
      - web of skin
      - sterile
    - - feminization
      - sterile
  - - - flips segment of DNA
    - - looses bits of DNA
    - - copies of DNA twice
    - - crossing over between nonhomolgoulous chromo
- - - - uses mircotubles
      - sets up where new cells will form
        
        where spindle come out of
    - - mitosis
        
        focuses on data
      - cytokinesis
        
        cell splits into 2 cells
      - chromatin--> chromosome
    - - G2
        
        checking phase
      - s interphase
        
        DNA synthesis copying DNA
      - G1
        
        growing phase
  - - - only divides if attached they stick together
    - - no food no cells
    - - is outside of the cell gives signal to stop or keep dividing
    - - healthy cells do not divide if max amount
  - - - metastasis
        
        have already spread
      - to many cells
      - binine tumor
        
        if removed doesn't come back
      - malignant
        
        cells in tumors spread and grow more tumors
      - radiation- targeted to specific cells
      - chemotherapy- entire body stops every cell from dividing
  - - - cell takes DNA From chromatids to make chromosomes
      - fuzzy to defined (packed up)
    - - set up spindles
      - break up membrane around nucleus
    - - lines up in middle
      - grabs other spindle4s
    - - has 2 chromosomes each have own centromere
      - spindle reels in and splits centromere
        
        chromosomes pull away
    - - unwire spindles
      - puts everything back in 2 cells
      - 2 nucleotides
      - cytokinesis
        
        divides everything else into cells
        
        makes the 2 separate cells
        
        cleavage furrow
        
        microfilaments
        
        makes separate membrane by pinching
        
        cell plate
        
        vesicles build wall
  - - - 1 line amount
    - - center of chromatids
    - - unpacked chromosome
    - - full strand of DNA
- - - - yeast
      - has copies of each other
      - doesn't need anyone else
    - - 2 individuals bled DNA into offspring
      - no genetic identically
- - - - 2 diploids 2n=46
    - - 1 haploid
    - - difrent versions of genes
    - - chromosomes are similar from 2 parents
    - - physical place when find gene
  - - - chromosome condenses
      - crossing over
    - - genes lining up
    - - homogenous chromosomes split up
    - - seperate into 2 cells
      - cytokinesis splits
      - cleavage furrow
    - - G 2
      - G 1
        
        growing
      - S
        
        DNA synthisis/ duplicating genes