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PHYSICAL LAYER, perfomance terms, Types of Fiber, UTP Cable types, copper…
PHYSICAL LAYER
Coaxial Cable
Central copper conductor
Insulation layer
Metal shield
Outer jacket
Used in cable TV and legacy networks
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
4 pairs of twisted copper wires
No shielding
Uses RJ-45 connector
Low cost and common
UTP Categories
Cat 3 – 10 Mbps
Cat 5 – 100 Mbps
Cat 5e – 1 Gbps
Cat 6 – up to 10 Gbps
Fiber optic Structure
Core
Cladding
Buffer
Jacket
Copper
Uses electrical signals
Affected by EMI and RFI
Limited distance
Fiber Optic
Uses light signals
Immune to EMI and RFI
Supports long distance and high bandwidth
STP (Shielded Twisted Pair)
Has shielding
Better protection against interference
More expensive than UTP
Single Mode Fiber
Small core
Uses laser
Suitable for long distance
Multimode Fiber
Larger core
Uses LED
Suitable for short distance (up to 550 meters)
Purpose of Physical Layer
Transmits bits (0 and 1)
Converts frame into electrical, light, or radio signals
Straight Through
Connects different devices
Example: PC to Switch
Crossover
Connects similar devices
Example: PC to PC, Switch to Switch
Rollover Cable
Used for console configuration
Connects PC to router or switch console port
Wireless
Uses radio waves
Bandwidth
Maximum capacity of the medium
Throughput
Actual speed of data transfer
Goodput
Throughput minus overhead
perfomance terms
Types of Fiber
UTP Cable types
copper cabling
media types