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Immune System Karla Moreno Dorantes Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Immune System Karla Moreno Dorantes
Period 3
Major functions of the Lymphatic & Immune systems
Immune System
: Provides resistance to disease and a functional system rather than organ system. A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response; Provides resistance to disease
Lymphatic system
returns fluids leaked from blood vessels back to blood; consists of three parts
Location of Lymphatic organs and their functions
Primary lymphoid organs
: Areas where T and B cells mature are red bone marrow and thymus. T and B cells originate in bone marrow, but only B cells matures there, T cells mature in thymus
Secondary lymphoid organs
: Areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and become activated. Lymph nodes, spleen, peyers patch, appendix, MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) and diffuse lymphoid tissues
Lymph Node
: Cleanses the lymph, prevent unwanted substances from being delivered to blood and offer a place for lymphocytes to become activated. Attack antigens. Found near inguinal, axillary and cervical regions of body,
Spleen
: The site of lymphocytes proliferation and immune surveillance and response. Cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets. Largest organ in left side of abdominal cavity.
Malt
: Protects pathogens trying to enter the body, in mucosa of respiratory tract, genitourinary organs, and digestive tract
Tonsils
: SImplest, has tonsils named according to location. Palatine, lingual, pharyngeal, and tubal. The function is to gather and remove pathogens in food or air.
Peyer's Patch
: Cluster of lymphoid follicles in wall of small intestine, destroys bacteria and prevents from breaching wall, makes memory lymphocytes
Appendix
: First part of large intestine, destroys bacteria and prevents than from breaching the intestinal wall. Generates memory lymphocytes.
Thymus
: In neck and extends to mediastinum, the organ where T cells mature.
Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
First Line of Defense
Surface barriers are skin and mucous membranes, along with their secretions
Mucin
: sticky mucus that lines digestive and respiratory tract traps microorganisms
Acid
: acidity of skin and some mucous secretions inhibits growth; called acid mantle
Enzymes
: lysozyme of saliva, respiratory mucus, and lacrimal fluid kills many microorganisms; enzymes in stomach kill many microorganisms
Second Line Of Defense
Phagocytes
: Engulf and destroy pathogens that breach barriers. Macrophages contribute to adaptive immune responses
Natural killer (NK) cells
: Promote apoptosis by attacking virus-infected or cancerous body cells. Recognize abnormalities rather than specific antigens
Inflammatory response
: Prevent spread and disposes of pathogens and dead tissue cells. Promotes tissue repair & release inflammatory chemicals to attract phagocytes to area
Fever
: Systemic response initiated by pyrogens. High body temperature inhibits microbes from multiplying and enhances body repair processes
Third Line of Defense
CD8 (Cytotoxic T cells)
: Become cytotoxic T cells (TC) that are capable of destroying cells harboring foreign antigens
CD4 (Helper T cells)
: Become helper T cells (TH) that activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages; direct adaptive immune response
Pattern Recognition Receptors
: proteins on/in cells that recognize specific compounds unique to microbes or tissue damage, allowing the cells to sense the presence of invading microbes or damage
Innate immune defenses and Adaptive immune defenses
Innate (nonspecific) defense system
: Uses first and/or second lines of defense to stop attacks by
pathogens (disease-causing microorganisms)
Adaptive (specific) Defense system
: Third line of defense that attacks foreign substances but takes longer to
react than innate
Humoral response and cellular response
Humoral (Antibody-mediated) immunity
Antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely in body fluids and Bind temporarily to the target cell. Mark for destruction
B Lympocyte (B Cells)
Cellular (Cell-mediated) immunity
Lymphocytes act against target cell
Directly—by killing infected cells
Indirectly—by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
T Lymphocytes (T Cells)
Antigens and antibodies
Antigens
: Substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response. Targets all adaptive immune responses
Can be a complete antigen or hapten (incomplete)
Contain antigentic determinants
Can be a self-antigen
Self-antigens
: all cells are covered with variety of proteins located on surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigenic to others in transfusions or grafts
Antibodies
: Called immunoglobulins (Lgs) which are proteins secreted by Plasma cells. Don't desrtoy antigens.
Neutralization
Agglutination
Precipitation
Complement fixation and activation
Artificial vs. Naturally acquired immunity
Naturally acquired
: Antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk. Formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
Artificially acquired
: Injection of serum, such as gamma globulin (Vaccines). Protection is immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in body. Formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive vs. Active immunity
Active humoral immunity
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce
specific antibodies against them
Naturally Acquired
: Infection contact with pathogen
Artificially Acquired
: Vaccine; Dead or attenuated pathogens
Passive humoral immunity
occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body
Naturally Acquired
: Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via the placenta or as an infant with her milk
Artificially Acquired
: Injection of exogenous antibodies
Cells involved in the immune system and their functions
Innate System
Phagocytes
Phagocytes
: white blood cells that ingest and digest (eat) foreign invaders
Neutrophils
: most abundant phagocytes, but die fighting; become phagocytic onexposure to infectious material
Macrophages
: develop from monocytes and are chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell
Natural killer (NK) cells
Inflammatory response
(macrophages, mast cells, WBCs, and inflammatory chemicals)
Antimicrobial proteins
(interferons and complement proteins)
Fever
Disorders associated with the Immune system
Immunodeficiency
: congenital or acquired conditions that impair function or production of immune cells or molecules
Hodgkin’s disease
: Acquired immunodeficiency that causes cancer of B cells, which depresses lymph node cells and thus leads to immunodeficiency
Taxoplasmosis
: An infectious parasitic illness that causes inflammation, skin rash, eye pain, fever etc
Viral Meningitis
: Inflammation of the meninges that causes fever, headache, and stiff neck.
Tape worm
: A parasitic worm infection hat causes abdominal pain, nausea and reduced apetite.
Ring worm
: Rash caused by fungal infection that causes itchiness,hair loss, redness and can be transferred through close contact
Tetanus
: Bacterial infection that effects nervous system, causes jaw stiffness, rapid heartbeat and difficulty breathing.
Varicella (Chickenpox)
: Contagious viral infection that causes rash, spots and fever
Malaria
: An infectious disease that causes fever, chills, jaundice, anemia, and seizures