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Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules - Coggle Diagram
Structure & Function of Large Biological Molecules
Carbohydrates
Polymer: polysaccharides- long chains of sugars
EX) cellulose, complex/ fungi has chitin as cell wall
Plants have cellulose and humans cannot digest it well; plants store sugar as starch and animals store sugar as glycogen, The cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber
Function:
Serve as immediate energy
Structural polysaccharides build structural support for organisms such as cellulose building plant cell walls
Monomers: monosaccharides (simplest sugars)
Disaccharides: double sugars, two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond
EX) Glucose most common monomer
General sugars
Carbohydrates have C, H,O elements typically in a 1:2:1 ratio
Pentoses have 5 carbon sugars, hexoses have 6 carbon sugars
Lipids
Monomer: fatty acids
A fat consists of 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule
Saturated fats- no double bonds and solid at room temperature (EX: butter), Unsaturated fats- has double bonds, liquid at room temperature (EX: oil), Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates unsaturated fats with trans double bond
Polymer: Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Composed of 1 phosphate molecule (polar, hydrophilic) and 2 fatty acid tails (nonpolar, hydrophobic), Amphipathic- composed of nonpolar and polar elements
Cell membrane has 2 layers of phospholipids
Hydrophobic Characteristic
Lipids are grouped together because they are all nonpolar, lipids function is longterm storage, insulation, and protection
Consist mainly of C-H bonds that are relatively nonpolar even when combined with polar bonds associated with oxygen
Steroids
Lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton of four fused rings
Cholesterol: component in animal cell membranes and a precursor from which other steroids are synthesized
Proteins
Protein Structure and Function
Changes in primary structure can occur, EX) sickle cell disease
Primary structure to secondary folds on itself, secondary to tertiary twists, tertiary to quaternary is all tertiaries together
Examples of Proteins
EX) enzymes- very specific, influenced by temperature and pH- denature (unraveling, make it not as efficient)
Enzymes also known as catalysts- speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
EX) lactase- enzyme for lactose (substrate)
Monomer and Polymers :
Monomer: amino acid, polymer: polypeptides, proteins build structure
Peptide bonds are the results from protein dehydration synthesis, repeated process causes polypeptides to form
Nucleic Acids
Function
Houses genetic information
Gene expression: DNA synthesis directs RNA synthesis, RNA synthesis controls protein synthesis
Nucleotide Polymers
Polynucleotides- linkage of nucleotides, involving condensation reaction
Monomers & Polymers
Monomers: nucleic acids, Polymers: DNA, RNA, ATP based on structure
Nucleotides
Nucleotides- sugar, base, phosphate
DNA- 2 strands (thymine), deoxyribose
RNA- 1 strand, (uracil), ribose
Monomers to Polymers
Polymers & Monomers
Polymer- long molecule consisting of monomers
Monomers- building blocks of polymers, smaller molecules
Dehydration Reaction
EX) Carbohydrates and protein polymers are synthesized through dehydration
Dehydration synthesis: building or making structures by removing water, monomer to polymer
Macromolecules
Consists of Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
Also known as biomolecules, organic molecules
Hydrolysis Reaction
Add water to break structures apart, polymers to monomers
EX) digestion