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Rita Garcia - Gonzalez Lymphatic/ Immune System Period: 3, Helper T'…

- - - - Symptoms: itchiness, headaches, and change in alertness
      - Treatment: lotions, ointments, or pills
      - Risk Factors: warm climates, close contact with people or animals, and tight/ restrictive clothing
    - - Symptoms: Fever, Fatigue, and irritability ( in infants)
      - Treatment: Rest, fever control, and pain relievers
      - Risk Factors: weak immune system, lack of vaccination, and affects young children more.
    - - Symptoms: itchy rash, spots, and fever
      - Treatment: vaccination, oatmeal baths and calamine lotion
      - Risk Factors: Being un-vaccinated, weak immune system, and constant close contact to infected people.
    - - Symptoms: Diarrhea, vision problems, and abdominal pain
      - Treatment: prescribe anti-parasitic medication
      - Risk Factors: Poor hygiene, traveling to places with high infection rate, and living in places where sanitation is not up to date
- - - - Lymphatic
        
        Returns interstitial fluid & leaked plasma proteins back to blood via
        
        . Lymphatic vessels( lymphatics) are a network of drainage vessels
        
        . Lymphoid organs & tissues provide the structural basis of the immune system by housing phagocytic cells & lymphocytes.
      - Immune systems
        
        . The immune system- provides resistance to disease
  - - - . Secondary lymphoid organs- areas where mature lymphocytes first encounter ( antigen) and become activated.
    - - . Collecting lymphatic vessels- collect vessels, trunks, and ducks
        
        . Lymphatic trunks- union of the largest collecting vessels
        
        . Large lymphatic vessels ( lymph capillaries)- drain into large vessels called ( collecting lymphatic vessels)
        
        . Lymph is delivered from trunks into one of the large lymphatic ducts - right lymphatic duct & thoracic duct
        
        . Lacteals- specialized lymph capillaries, present in interstitial mucosa
  - - - . The helper T cells- play a central role in adaptive immune response; activate both humoral and cellular arms. Once primed by APC presentation of antigen, helper T cells.
      - .CytotoxicT cells - directly attack and kill other cells; they activate T cells circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize.
      - . Naive T cells are simply termed CD4 or CD8 cells
      - . Regulatory T cells- important in preventing autoimmune reactions
      - T cells- provide defense against intracellular antigens, they are more complex than B cells
      - . Without TH there is no immune response
- - - - Active humoral immunity- occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
      - Passive humoral immunity- occurs when ready- made antibodies are introduced into the body .
        
        B cells are not challenged by antigens; immunological memory does not occur. Protection ends when antibodies degrade
        
        Babies obtain passive humoral immunity while still in the womb
        
        They receive ready,made antibodies from their mothers through the placenta and later on through breast milk
    - - Active humoral response-( Naturally acquired) : infection; contact with pathogen.
        
        (Artificially acquired)- vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens
        
        Passive humoral response- ( Naturally acquired) - Antibodies passed from mother to fetus via placenta; or to infant in her milk.
        
        ( Artificially acquired)- injection of exogenous antibodies( gamma globulin )
- - - - Purpose and examples of First, Second and Third line of defense
        
        . Innate ( nonspecific) defense system- constitutes first and second line of defenses
        
        . first line of defense - external body membranes ( skin and mucosae)
        
        The immune system has two intrinsic systems: innate ( nonspecific) defense systems, and adaptive ( specific) defense systems.
        
        . Second line of defense- antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, and other cells( inhibit spread of invaders) inflammation most important mechanism.
        
        .The adaptive (specific) defense system - Third line of defense- attacks particular foreign substances ( takes longer to react than innate)
      - Humoral response
        
        . Humoral immune responses- when a B cell encounters target antigen, it provokes humoral immune response. Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced
        
        Humoral immunity
        Antibodies: produced by lymphocytes; they circulate freely in the body's fluids. Binds temporarily - to target cells- to mark for destruction
        
        cellular response
        
        . Cellular immunity
        lymphocytes act against target cells directly - by killing infected cells
        indirectly - by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages
      - Innate(natural) immune defenses
        
        Not specific
        
        Internal defenses- phagocytes
        
        Natural killer cells: inflammation and antimicrobial proteins: fever
        
        Surface barriers: Skin and mucous membranes
        
        The innate system uses the first and second line of defense to stop attacks by pathogens ( disease- causing microorganism)
        
        Adaptive(acquired) immune defenses
        
        Specific
        
        humoral immunity: B cells, cellular immunity, and T cells
        
        . Adaptive immune system- is a specific defense system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body.
        
        The adaptive immunity is specific: recognizes/ targets specific antigens. It is systemic: not restricted in initial site. It has memory- mounts an even stronger attack to “ known” antigens.
    - - Antigens
        
        Substances that can mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke an immune response; targets of all adaptive responses. Most are large, complex molecules not normally found in the body
        
        . Characteristics of antigens - can be a complete antigen or hapten ( incomplete). Contain antigenic determinants. Can be a self- antigen
        
        Self antigens- all cells are covered with a variety of proteins located on the surface that are not antigenic to self, but may be antigen to others in transfusions or grafts.
        
        .One set of important self- proteins are group of glycoproteins called - MHC proteins- coded by genes of- major histocompatibility complex(MHC)
        
        . Antigen presenting cells- do not respond to specific antigens. Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity
      - Antibodies
        
        Antibodies( antigen- antibody) complexes do not destroy antigens; they prepare them for destruction by innate defenses.
        
        Antibodies go after extracellular pathogens; they do not invade solid tissue unless lesion is present
        
        . Form antigen -antibody ( immune) complexes- Defensive mechanisms used by antibodies: Neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, complement fixation
- - - - Regulatory T Cells ( other type of effector) help prevent a hyperactive immune system by releasing cytokines that tell other immune cells to stand down
        
        Without that regulation, can cause autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis (Eats away at the myelin sheaths around neurons) or type one diabetes (tears up the pancreatic cells that make insulin)