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Lymphatic/Immune System-Mariel Martinez Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System
-Mariel Martinez Period 3
MAJOR FUNCTIONS
Immune
: provides resistance to diseases; consists of innate (nonspecific) and adaptive (specific);
-recognize and release many of same defensive molecules
-release proteins and alert cells of adaptive system to foreign molecules
Lymphatic
: returns intestinal fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to blood via lymphatic vessels; absorbs fats from digestive tracts; Nodes filter pathogens, dead cells, and debris from lymph
LOCATION OF LYMPHATIC ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS
Primary
: T and B cells mature - Red Bone Marrow,
Thymus:
t cells mature; most activate in childhood, stops growing during adolescense
Secondary:
mature lymphocytes first encounter their antigen and activate
-
Lymph Nodes:
cleansing lymph(filter);macrophages remove and destroy microorganisms and debris
-- activate immune system offering a place for lymphocytes to activate and attack on antigens
-
Spleen:
site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response
---cleanses blood of aged blood cells and platelets; macrophages remove debris
-
MALT:
site of lymphocyte activation and proliferation 1.
Tonsils:
gather and remove pathogens in food or air
Peyer's Patches:
destroy bacteria, prevent from breaching intestinal wall --generate memory lymphocytes
Appendix:
destroy bacteria, prevent from breaching intestinal wall --generate memory lymphocytes
IMMUNE DEFENSES
Adaptive (Acquired)
: 3rd line; attacks particular foreign substances (specific) (longer to react) -develops after exposing to pathogen, has memory
Innate (Natural)
: constitutes 1st and 2nd lines of defese; stop attacks by pathogens; external body membranes; antimicrobial proteins -- born with it (skin, etc.), fast response, not specific --> any pathogen, NO memory
PURPOSE AND EXAMPLES
Second Line
: destroy the pathogens that still got passed the first line, non specific immune response
Ex: WBCs, inflammation, fever, natural killer cells
Third Line
: specific immune response, target on specific pathogens, develop memory cells that increase speed of future responses, creates antibodies
Ex: B Cells, T cells; helper + cytotoxic, memory cells
First Line
: prevents from pathogens entering the body, acting as a physical and chemical barrier
Ex: skin, mucous membrane/mucus,tears, saliva, stomach acid
RESPONSES
Cellular:
T cells provide defense against intracellular antigens; ex: cells infected w/viruses/bacteria, cancerous/abnormal cells, foreign cells -consist of CD4 and CD8 cells
Humoral:
antibodies, produced by B cells ymphocytes, circulate freely in fluids --> destroy extracellular pathogens outside of cell -bind temporarily to target cell - some clone cells become plasma cells; antibody secreting effector cells; others become memory cells' provide immunological memory
ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES
Antibodies:
aka immunoglobulins; secreted by plasma cells
-capable of binding specifically with antigen detected by B cells
(4 chains; 2 heavy/2 light)
-major classes: IgM, IgA, IgD, IgG, IgE
-inactivate and tag antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes
Antigens:
substances, mobilize adaptive defenses and provoke immune responses
-targets all adaptive immune system
-large, complex molecules (not normally found in body)
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY
Naturally:
Active: in responses to actual bacterial/viral infection
Passive: antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk
Artificial:
Active: response yo vaccine of dead pathogens
Passive: injection of serum; protection immediate but ends when antibodies naturally degrade in body
IMMUNITY
Passive:
occurs when ready-made antibodies are introduced into body; -B cells not challenged by antigens; immunological memory does not occur -protections ends when antibodies degrade natural:"mother to child"
artificial: injections
Active:
occurs when B cells encounter antigens and produce specific antibodies against them
Natural: infection
Artificial: vaccines
CELLS INVOLVED AND FUNCTIONS
T Cells
: created in bone marrow, mature and differentiate in Thymus
--
Helper T Cell:
central role in adaptive immune system; activate humoral/cellular arms; help activate B and T cells, induce T and B cells proliferation; secrete cytokines; coordinate immune responses
--
Cytotoxic T Cell:
directly attack and kill infected cells, cell mediated, activated Tc cells circulate in blood and lymph and lymphoid organs in search of body cells displaying antigen they recognize
-
Regulatory T(T Reg) Cell:
important in preventing autoimmune reactions
Antigen-Presenting Cells:
-Macrophages:
widely distributed in CT and lymphoid organs -present antigens to T cells, further activates and becomes phagocytic killer, trigger powerful inflammation responses and recroit additional defenses
-B Cells
: do not activate naive T cells, present antigens to helper T cells to assist own activation
-Dendritic Cells:
located in CT and epidermis; mobile sentinels of boundary tissues
Phagocytes:
WBC;ingest and digest foreign invaders
-
Neutrophils:
most abundant, but die fighting; become phagocytic cells on exposure to infectious material
-
Macrophages:
develop from monocytes, most robust
Natural Killer Cells:
nonphagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph; can kill cancer and virus infected cells before adaptive immune system is activated
-kill by including apoptosis in cancer/virus infected cells
attack cells lacking self cell surface receptors
Memory Cells:
T and B cells: long term immunity and allows immune system to respond faster in second exposure
DISORDERS
Jock Itch:
contagious fungal infection
Symptom:itching,pain,rash
Causes:intense sweating, tight clothing, sharing towels or clothing, most common in men
Treatment:OTC antifungal creams, sprays, powders, moisture. Change underwear everyday
Viral Meningitis
: inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain
Causes: sexual contact, mosquito bites,contaminated surfaces
Symptoms: fevers, severe headaches, fatigue
Treatment: MMR vaccine, safe sexual practices,supportive care
Covid-19:
causes patient to experience respiratory issues.
Causes: contamination, old age, unvaccinated
Symptoms: fatigueness, muscle aches, loss of smell/
taste
Treatment: vaccines, veklury, and washing your hands.
Small Pox:
highly contagious caused by variola virus
Causes: contact with rash or scab, unvaccinated, sneezing/coughs
Symptoms:head/body aches, sometimes vomiting, fever
Treatment: quarantine,antiviral medication, small Pox vaccine