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Guiding Questions: What forces are at work on an individual's…
Guiding Questions: What forces are at work on an individual's conscience/consciousness? Are they internal or external? What effect do they have for society and the individual?
The Genealogy of Morality, Nietzsche
Internal
Forgetfulness
- Working in opposition to promise
- An active, positive faculty of suppression
- Part of a "necessarily forgetful animal...a form of strong health"
GUILT, CONSCIENCE, OBLIGATION
- Creditor and Debtor relationship: first time a person measured himself by another person (Smith?)
- Man as an appraising animal -> exchange, contract, guilt, right, obligation
- 1st Stage of Justice: Good will among parties of equal power, an understanding
"a break"
Bad Conscience
- Deep sickness of man
- Encloses himself within society and peace
- New unfamiliar world... natural regulating drives turned into thinking, inferring, calculating -> "consciousness"
Soul of Man
- Instincts once discharged outwardly now discharged inwardly -> internalizing of man -> "which he later calls his soul."
- "pleasure in giving oneself a form...work of soul complaint-conflicted with itself
Instinct for Freedom/The Will to Power imposed on Self:
- Force's formative and violating nature on man himself ("his entire old animal self") NOT on other humans
- Asceticism
- Will to Self-torment? Guilt before God as an instrument of torture.
- "No" to himself, nature, "Yes" to God/Asceticism
- Love? Redemption in love? -> Meaning in the afterlife
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Man has juridical obligation to earlier generations, thus sustains:
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External
Responsibility --> Conscience
- Make man uniform, regular, predictable
- Morality of custom, "social straightjacket"
- End of process: the soverign individual, free again with independent will -> responsibility as privilege, freedom, "power over oneself and fate" -> conscience
DEBT and Punishment
- Punishment did NOT develop as just retribution, but was "completely apart from any presupposition concerning lack of freedom of the will"
- Instead debtor sells creditor a "right of lords" in exchange for TRUST ("impress repayment on his conscience as a duty") and loan -> elevated sense of self. Strength through "directive and right to cruelty"
Making-suffer
- Not revenge, but satisfaction
- A counter-pleasure, a festival
- Need for cruelty as a normal quality of man
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The Community:
- "The general anger is no longer allowed to vent itself in the same unbridled manner"
- Defends evildoer from anger... localize case, offense capable of being paid off
- Penal law grows milder, creditor richer
- Self-cancellation of justice: mercy
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Acts of force from the "state":
- "some pack of blond beasts of prey" (??)
- "a race of conquerors and lords," "with the power to organize"
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The Souls of Black Folk, DuBois
DuBois: The Color Line
- Race from shared cultural, social, physical traits, affecting political organization
- Difference of fact, by skin, but also economic, legal, and cultural in the Jim Crow era
Double Consciousness:
- Always looking at self through the eyes of others with hostle values
- Self-imposing one set of ideals in contrast to another
The Ideal as Merging One's Double Self:
- Both Black and American at once
- Without hostile values/actions from those around him
The Veil
- Black Americans born with an imposed "veil"
- Causes misrecognition, hostile values imposed on Black folk seen through the veil
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Society
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The Elementary Forms of Religions Life, Durkheim
Man is Double
Individual Being
- Physical, in the body -> profane
- 1 more item...
Social Being
- Within us, a representation of the "highest reality in the intellectual and moral real that is knowable through observation: society" -> sacred
- 2 more items...
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Origins of Conscience
- Pain as mnemo-technique, make memory from sacrifice, suffering
- Produces asceticism, "hypnotizing the entire nervous and intellectual system" with fixed ideas, procedures of life
Meaningful Suffering vs. Senseless Suffering:
- Indignation against senseless suffering
- Christianity (and people in general) interpret suffering into meaning
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Nietzsche: will to power turns inward, self-cruelty because societal norms/morals are internalized
DuBois: hostile ideals/values are internalized, imposed on self and self-denying
Psychological mechanism of split self similar, two separate systems of created values (though, Nietzche: universal community/moral norms, DuBois: racial domination
Durkheim's Social Being within a Society seems (ideally) uniform, regular, predictable in practice... and belief
Connects to Durkheim's debt to past society. Benefits of civilization appraised as valuable, creates an obligation to its sustenance and feeling of dependence for society
Community -> Penal Law -> Political Organization/Justice
Repression of general anger to "justice" created through community
DuBois: Debt as continued inability to make income and cover expense, leftover from slave regime (90)
- Nietzsche, DuBois, and Durkheim all emphasize a split, a "double" self, where two ideals of the self oppose each other
- Nietzsche develops a holistic view of society's morals and external forces impact on an individual. The economic and juridical environment produce a man distinct from a former nature
- Durkheim adds another layer here, distinct moral communities created with different beliefs and practices, revolving around a symbol or totem that signifies the community itself. Adds layer of the mechanism Nietzsche describes — Durkheim's framework demonstrates immense social cohesion, but also sets up potential for disunion/moral differences in different moral communities
- The collective effervensence Durkheim describes, which creates social cohesion in a specific moral community united around a symbol/totem, could be used as a lens into the race relations described by Dubois
