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Ch 5: Structure and function of large molecules - Coggle Diagram
Ch 5: Structure and function of large molecules
Macromolecules are polymers, built from monomers
Macromolecules
LIPIDS
PROTIENS
CARBOHYDRATES
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Polymer
long molecules with similar building blocks
Monomer
Build Polymers
Synthesis and Breakdown of polymers
Enzymes
special macromolecule that speeds processes up
Dehydration synthesis
building/making structures by removing H2O
Hydrolysis
Add water to break lg structures into smaller structures
EX: Digestion: uses water and enzymes to break food from polymers to monomers to be released into the bloodstream
Diversity
A huge variety of polymers can be built from a
small set of monomers
PROTEINS
Enzymes
Catalysts
speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy necessary to start the reaction
Temperature and PH affect them, and they will denature if exposed to too high a temperature or a specific PH
denature
unravel
alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature or other environmental factors can cause a protein to denature
Polypeptides
polymer of amino acids
Amino Acids
organic molecules with amino
and carboxyl groups
linked by covalent bonds called
peptide bonds
determines what three-dimensional structure the protein will have under normal cellular conditions.
Four levels
tertiary
the folded chain begins to twist and twirl
within interactions you have hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der wall interactions
quanternary
several tertiary's put together
result is from two or more
polypeptide chains form one macromolecule
secondary
the chain of amino acids folds
result is from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone
Primary
chains of amino acids
determined by inherited genetic
information
Sickle Cell
slight change in primary structure can affect a
protein’s structure and ability to function
one deformation in an amino acid chain causes the red blood cells to deform into a sickle shape, where they lack oxygen
The sickle cell tends to get stuck and can cause blocks
the disease is a lot of sickle cells
the disorder has a little bit of sickle cells
X-ray crystallography
Scientists use X-ray crystallography to determine the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules such as nucleic acids and proteins.
EXAMPLES
Enzymes
storage proteins
Hormones
defensive proteins
LIPIDS
Does not include true polymers
fats, phospholipids, steroids
hydrophobic
unifying feature of lipids is that they mix poorly,
if at all, with water
Fats
constructed from two types of smaller
molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
fatty acid
consists of a carboxyl group attached
to a long carbon skeleton
triacylglycerol,
three fatty acids are joined to glycerol
by an ester linkage
Saturated fatty acids
No double bonds and solid
ex: butter
unsaturated fatty acids
double bonds and liquid
ex: oil
Trans fats
Hydrogenating vegetable oils also creates
unsaturated fats with trans double bonds
major function is energy storage
also, serves as insulation and protection
Phospholipids
two fatty acids and a phosphate
group are attached to glycerol
two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, and phosphate group is hydrophilic (or polar)
when put into water, they form double layered sheets called a bilayer
hydrophobic tails point towards the interior and form a boundary between the cell and the exterior environment
Steriods
Carbon skeleton that has four fused rings
cholesterol
type of steroid that is a component in animal cell membranes
made from the liver and we get it in our diet.
CARBOHYDRATES
Include sugars and polymers of sugar
monosaccharide: 1 sugar
polysaccharide: complex sugar
long chains of sugar
Monosaccharides
molecular formulas
that are usually multiples of CH2O
classified by:
– The location of the carbonyl group (as aldose or ketose)
– The number of carbons in the carbon skeleton
disaccharide
two monosaccharides joined together by glycosidic linkage
ex: sucrose- fructose+glucose
must be broken down into monosaccharides to be used as energy
Polysaccharides
polymers of sugar
architecture and function determined by its sugar monomers and position of glycosidic linkages
storage polysaccharides
plants store energy as starch
animals store as glycogen
hydrolysis releases the energy
structural polysaccharides
Cellulose
major
component of the tough wall of plant cells
Chitin
found
in the exoskeleton of arthropods
provides structural support for the cell
walls of many fungi
NUCLEIC ACIDS
polymers made of monomers called nucleotides..
Polymers are called polynucleotides
made up of a sugar, nitrogen base, and 1-3 phosphate groups
Nitrogenous base
pyrimidine has one six-membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms.
members of the pyrimidine family are cytosine , thymine , and uracil
Purines are larger, with a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring
adenine and guanine
Types
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Gene Expression
DNA directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein synthesis;
Adenine, guanine, and cytosine; thymine is found only in DNA,
Sugar is deoxyribose
DNA has a double helix that is anti-parallel so 5' and 3' and then 3' and 5'
ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Adenine, guanine, and cytosine; uracil only in RNA.
sugar is ribose
single strands
Protein Synthesis
Transcription happens in the nuclues
DNA is transcribed and mRNA is made and sent into the cytoplasm
TRANSLATION happens in the cytoplasm in the RIbosome
Proteins are made
DNA
mRNA
Protein
Examples
DNA
RNA