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Materials - Coggle Diagram
Materials
Raw Materials
Wool
:sheep:
Wool comes from the hair of sheep
Cotton
:shirt:
Cotton comes from the plant of the same name
Wood
:christmas_tree:
The wood for your desk comes from tree trunks
Oil
:oil_drum:
Oil platforms are structures designed to extract petroleum from below the sea
Marble
:pick:
Marble, like other types of stone, comes from a quarry
Steel
:crossed_swords::
The steel for desk legs come from iron ore
How are raw materials classified?
Raw materials are substances that are extracted directly from natural objects
Raw materials are classified into three main categories:
Animal origin :cow:: wool, silk, hides, ...
Vegetable origin :carrot:: cotton, wood, cork, linen, ...
Mineral origin :diamond_shape_with_a_dot_inside:: marble, clay, iron, ...
From Raw Materials to Materials
Raw materials are transformed by physical and chemical processes into the various types of materials that are used for manufacturing. They are prepared so that they are ready to use for making many different products
Physical Process
:hammer:
A physical process is when a substance changes its state, for example when a metal melts. The chemical composition of the material does not change.
Chemical Process
:male-scientist::skin-tone-3:
A chemical process is when a substance is transformed into a different substance with different characteristics. The composition of the material changes. For example, petrol derivatives are transformed to create some types of plastic.
Some common examples of materials used for manufacturing are: paper, planks of wodd, plastic, metal and glass
Where do different types of materials come from?
Manufactured Goods
A manufactured good is any object created by humans to satisfy their needs and improve their standard of living.
The Manufacturing Process
:factory:
Get Raw Materials
Process Them
Make Goods
For example, trees are cut into logs, logs are made into planks of wood, and these are used to make furniture.
Raw material
Material
Manufactured product
A manufactured good can be made of various pieces made from various different materials.
What uses do they have?
Technical Materials
Common materials used to make manufactured goods:
Metals
:robot_face:
From minerals which are found in rocks. They are classified into: Ferrous metals, which contain iron, for example steel. Non-ferrous metals, which don't contain iron, such as copper, bronze, tin, zinc and aluminum.
Wood
:evergreen_tree:
Tree trunks, e.g. fir, pine and chestnut.
Plastics
:shopping_bags:
Oil, coal, natural gas, vegetable materials (cellulose), animal proteins, made into cellophane, PVC and rubber
Textiles
:shirt:
Natural raw materials, e.g. wool, cotton and silk plastics (synthetic materials) made into nylon and Lycra.
Stone
:pick:
Stone in different forms and sizes (from large rocks to fine sand) processed into marble, slate, glass or plaster.
Ceramics
Clay (transformed into ceramics using
firing
), made into pottery, earthenware and porcelain
Physical Properties of Materials
We use different materials in different ways depending on their properties. These properties relate to
how
materials react to external stiumaltions, e.g. electricity, light, heat or the applying of various forces.
Electrical Properties :zap:
What happens when an electric current is passede through a material?
Electrical Conductivity
Some materials conduct electricity, e.g. metals.
Electrical Insulation
Some materials don't conduct electricity, e.g. plastic materials and wood.
Thermal properties :factory:
What happens when a material is heated?
Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductors are materials that conduct heat
Thermal insulators are materials that don't conduct heat
Expansion and Contraction
When the temperature increrases, the material expands
When the temperature decreases, the mateirla contracts.
Fusibility
Some materials change from solid to liquid when their temperature is increased
Welding
Some materials can be used to weld two mieces of the same or different materials together.
Acoustic Properties :ear:
Can you hear sound through a material?
Acoustic conductivity
The capacity of materials to transmit sound
Acoustic insulators
Some materials don't conduct sound well, e.g. glass, fibre, cork and plastics.
Magnetic Properties :earth_americas:
Does a material react to a magnet?
Magnetism
Some materials attract other metallic materials. This allows them to become a permanent magnet. They attracts other ferrous materials.
Optical and Mechanical Properties
Optical Properties
Opaque :door:
Other objects can't be seen through them. These materials don't allow light to pass through them, e.g. wood, metals.
Translucent :baby_bottle:
These allow light to pass through them, but don't allow objects behind them to be seen clearly, e.g. types of glass, tissue paper, plastic.
Transparent :glass_of_milk:
Other objects can be clearly seen through these materials, e.g. glass, some plastics.
Can you see light through a material
Mechanical Properties
What happens to a material when external forces are applied?
Mechanical strength
The mechanical strenght of materials depends on the type of force that acts up on them.
There are several types
Tensile strength
Compressive strength
Flexural strength
Torsional strength
Shear strength
Elasticity and Plasticity
Elasticity allows the material to return to its original form after a force that has changed its shape is removed
Plasticity allows it to be permanently deformed
Malleability and Ductility
Malleability allows a material to be spread into sheets or films. Materials with this property are malleable. It's defined as the ability of a substance to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets. Gold is the most malleable metal.
Ductility allows a material to be formed into filaments or wires. Materials with this property are ductile. We define it as a measure of how readily a material can be drawn into a wire. Gold is also the most ductile metal.
Other Material Properties
Hardness
A hard material is not easily scratched by another material. The Mohs scale of minerals was created by the Austrian geologist Friedrich Mohs (1773-1839). The minerals are graded from 1 to 10 according to how hard they are. Here are some examples
Talc
Gypsum
Calcite
Fluorite
Apatite
Feldspar
Quartz
Topaz
Corundum
Diamond
Toughness and Brittleness
Toughness
is the resistance to breaking that a material shows when hit by something
Brittleness
is the opposite, when the material breaks easily.
For instance, if we hit a metal object with a hammer, e.g. a bell, it doesn't break. If we hit a mirror or glass object, it breaks easily.
Density
Density is the relationship between the mass of an object and its volume. In the top photograph, the piece of wood weighs more than the sponge, but both pieces are of a similar volume. The wooden block has a higher density than the sponge.
Porosity
Some materials can absorve or release liquids or gases. Wood, some stones and ceramic materials are porous (they contain tiny holes called pores). This property is related to density: if a material is more porous, it's less dense.
Permeability and Impermeability
Permeable
Some materials allow water or other liquids to filter throught them. An earthenware jug containing liquid, or a wet cloth becomes wet because they're made from permeable materials.
Impermeable
Some materials don't allow water or other liquids to filter through them. For instance, glass is impermeable, so liquids stored in bottles don't escape. Plasticas and cork are also impermeable, or waterproof.
Chemical and Ecological Properties
Chemical Properties
We can see these properties when the chemical composition of a material changes because it interacts with other substances
Oxidation
This happens when a mineral reacts with oxygen in the air or water. Metals are the most senssitive materials to oxidation. The reddish-brown substance produced is called rust.
The cans have rusted and are covered with reddish dust.
To prevent rusting materials are coated with paint, varnish or enamel.
Ecological Properties
The environment is a system made up of human beings, flora, fauna, earth, air, climate and landscape which all interact. Materials are classified according to the impact they have on the environment
Recyclable Materials
These can be reused. They help conserve natural resources and avoid the accumulation of waste products, e.g. glass, paper, cardboard, metal, plastics.
Toxic Materials
These are harmful to the environment. They can be poisonous for living things because they contaminate the soil, the water and the atmposphere, e.g. Mercury, heavy metals, petroleum
Biodegradable Materials
These are materials that decompose naturally and don't cause damage to the environment, e.g. paper, water-soluble plastics.
Some materials come from renewable raw materials. These can be regenerated.
Renewable raw materials such as wool, cotton or wood
Non-renewable raw materials: such as coal, oil or minerals
This symbol means that a material can be recycled.
Batteries contain chemical substances that are toxic, e.g. mercury.
