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Emperor Hirohito image - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Nanjing massacre 南京大屠殺 (1937-1938)
        
        Chinese portrayed as enemies of Japan
        
        Loyalty to Japan and the emperor > empathy for enemies
        
        Hirohito approved military action
        
        Gave legitimacy to military action
        
        Allowed military to act freely
        
        Signed ransanmei to authorize use of chemical weapons
      - Unit 731 侵華日軍七三一部隊 (1930s-1945)
        
        Advancing military technology
        
        Mindset: Military over human life
        
        Secret program established in Manchuria
        
        Non- japanese were inferior
        
        Human rights violations
        
        Surrender was shameful
        
        Reinforced belief Japan's actions were acceptable
        
        Forced labour
        
        Millions of civilians forced to work for military
        
        Militarism controlled all aspects of society
        
        Helped Japan exploit resources in occupied territories
        
        Sustained Japan's war economy and military operations
        
        Forced labour was in emperor's name
        
        Tied domanstic control to expansionist goals
        
        Beatings and harsh dicipline
        
        Ran by Shirō Ishii
        
        Hirohito provided direct funding and support
      - Ignored suffering of people
        
        Imperial authority
        
        Denied proper care
        
        Death rate similar to European camps
        
        Dehumanizing ideology
      - World War 2
        
        Hirohito was supreme commander
        
        Oil embarago from USA (1941)
        
        Expansion for survial of war machine
        
        Consequences
        
        Atomic bombs
        
        End of imperial militarist system
        
        Hiroshima (Aug 6 1945)
      - High morality rates
    - - Joined Germany and Italy
        
        Axis alliance
        
        Occupied indochina
  - - - Invasion of Manchuria (1931)
        
        Hirohito did not voice an objection
        
        The military grows stronger
        
        Began from Mukden Incident, in which Japan staged a false flag as a pretext for invasion
      - Rise of dehumanizing ideology (Mid 1930s)
        
        Hirohito seen as devine
        
        Soldiers believed they were libertaing Asia
        
        Expanded into Manchuria
    - - Pearl harbour (1941)
        
        Ensure expansion without interference
        
        Goal: expand across southeast asia and pacifc
        
        Believed militarism was only way of achieval
        
        Global conflict, continued expansion
        
        Long term consequences: overstretch
        
        US Island-hopping (1945)
        
        1 more item...
        
        Battle of Midway (1942)
        
        2 more items...
        
        Hirohito approved military action
        
        Hirohito gave formal sanction for attack (Meiji constitution)
        
        Neutralize Pacific fleet
  - - - Emperor as a living god
      - Meiji Constitution
        
        Emperor was given absolulte power
        
        "The emperor is sacred and inviolable
      - National Spiritual Mobilization Movement (1937)
        
        The sacrifice of individual desires for the good of the Emperor and Japan
        
        "luxury is our enemy"
  - - - Imperial Rescript on Education (1890)
        “Should an emergency arise, offer yourselves courageously to the State; and thus guard and maintain the prosperity of Our Imperial Throne…”
    - - 祭政一致 Sasei Itchi
        Unity of Religion and Government
        
        Believed that Japan would be united as one people under the leadership of the emperor
      - Shinto Shrines and Rituals
        
        political loyalty is a religious duty
        
        used to to unify the population under the banner of the emperor’s divinity
        
        national pride and militaristic ideals
        
        sites for military ceremonies.
        
        Soldiers performing a process of purification before a Shinto Ritual
    - - Spirit of Japan: National Polity and Essence
        
        “Our country is a great family nation, and the imperial household is the head family of the subjects…”
        
        Yamato-damashii 大和魂
        
        Anti individualism (anti-western individualism)
      - Kokutai no Hogi
        textbook of “kokutai” ideology published by the Japanese Ministry of Education in 1937
    - - Family and friends pose for a photo at a celebration for the soldier sitting in the foreground. The banners to the right and left read (top to bottom): “Congratulations, Going to war, Mr. Masaharu Shinoda.”
- - - - Emperor was at top of hierachy
        
        Governing civil behavior to nationalist ideology
        
        Combined with Tokkō, propaganda etc
    - - Young military attempted to stop Hirohito surrender
        
        Wanted to continue war instead of accepting defeat
        
        Hirohito still decided to surrender
        
        Recorded imperial rescript on surrender
        
        The coup plotted against his actions
        
        Tension between military facttions and emperor's authority
  - - - People obeyed emperor's decisions/military action
        
        Taught loyalty to Japan
    - - Created after High Treason Incident
        
        Arrested students, intellectuals and activist
        
        Peace preservation law (1925)
        
        Supress political dissent
      - Surveillance
        
        Monitored schools, politcal groups etc
        
        Intimidation
        
        Threats to prevent opposition
        
        Military politicis, expansion continues
- - - - The Great Japan Youth Party 大日本青年党
        
        Military style training and taught ideas of self-sacrifice
  - - - "The Thought Police"
    - - Anti-War speech
      - Foreign News
      - Complete control on Wartime news:
        
        Censored news that reported on deaths, casualties and war atrocities
      - Censorship of the Press
      - Nanjing Masssacre:
        
        attempted to suppress or alter reports of the mass killings, rapes, and other war crimes committed by the Imperial Army
        
        "bring order and stability to China"
    - - downplay or deny the scale of atrocities like the Nanjing Massacre
    - - The Japanese Peace Preservation Law (治安維持法
        
        aim of suppressing communist, socialist and anti-colonial movements
      - Arrest of Communists And Socialists
- - - - took control of strategic industries
        
        Set production quotas
        
        Labor force requirements
        
        National Targets for Output
      - Incentivized workers with high wages and bonuses
        
        Focused on doubling industrial output
      - Profit and Wage Ceilings
        
        the government imposed caps to prevent Inflation
    - - the National Mobilization Law 国家総動員法 (1938)
        
        government controls over civilian organizations, nationalization of strategic industries, price controls and rationing.
        
        controlled allocation of resources like food and fuel
        
        Prioritized military over civilian needs
        
        forced mobilization of labor
    - - weapons manufacturers, ammunition factories, and shipyards
      - Subsidies and loans for companies that were directly involved in producing military supplies
    - - Mitsubishi, Mitsui, Sumitomo
      - dominated key sectors: manufacturing, banking, and trade
      - crucial to Japan's military-industrial complex