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5 ways of classifying research - Coggle Diagram
5 ways of classifying research
Time Dimension of Research - can vary by the TIME DIMENSION
Cross-Sectional Studies - Collecting data at a single point in time (a cross-section)
Longitudinal Studies - Involves data collection over an extended time period
Panel Studies - Follow the same people/groups/organizations over multiple time periods
Cohort Studies - Like a panel study, but the group you are following share a common life experience within a defined period of time
Trend Studies - examine changes within some general population over time
Unit of Analysis - The what or who being studied in a research project.
Individuals - (college students, police, victims, defendants, inmates, gang members, burglars)
Groups - (patrol districts, gangs).
Organizations (prisons, police departments, courtrooms, drug treatment facilities).
Social Artifacts - products of social beings and their behavior - (stories in newspapers, post on the internet, presidential speeches, video game content) who is
Nations (USA, Canada, Russia, etc.)
States (Florida, Arizona, NY, NJ, etc.)
Unit of Analysis Fallacies
Reductionism - making assertions about groups based on the examination of individuals
Ecological fallacy - making assertions about individuals based on the examination of groups
Methods of Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning/Research - moves from the general to the specific
Sherman and Berk hypothesized that arrest for spousal abuse would reduce repeat offending. DV - Repeat Offending IV - Arrest (attributes are arrested/separate
Theory of deterrence holds that punishment will reduce recidivism
Assumption is that arrest will be experienced as a punishment
Observation (collect data)
Confirmation - is the hypothesis supported?
Inductive Reasoning/Research - moves from the specific to the general
Begins with data - discovery of a pattern - generate hypothesis - theory
Observed: Studies found that the impact of arrest on DV in the six replication cities was inconsistent
Pattern: Married and employed offenders were less likely to re-offend if arrested unmarried and unemployed offenders were more likely to re-offend if arrested
Hypothesis - Formal sanctions (arrest) are effective when they trigger informal sanctions (loss of respect from friends and family)
Theory - Control theory predicts that have a stake in conformity will decrease a person's likelihood of crime
Purposes of Research:
Descriptive-asks WHO/WHEN/WHERE/HOW?
Explanatory- asks "WHY?" Looks for cause
Exploratory- asks the question WHAT?
Nature of Data - Qualitative Data versus Quantitative Data
Qualitative Data: Comes from field research and case studies in which in-depth information is collected and conclusions are drawn based on the observations.
Quantitative Data: Requires carefully designed studies. Conclusions are drawn from statistics and GENERALIZED to populations of interest.