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Chp.3: Water and Life - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Kinetic energy is the energy of motion
      - The kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules is called thermal energy
      - Temperature represents the average kinetic energy of the molecule in a body of matter
      - -Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another is defined as heat
    - - The specific heat of a substance is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temperature by 1*C
      - Water resists changing temperature because of its high specific heat
      - -Heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break & Heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
      - A large body of water can absorb and store a huge amount of heat from the sun in daytime and during summer while warming up only a few degrees
        
        This serves to moderate air temperature in coastal areas
- - - - With four valence electrons, carbon can form four covalent bonds with a variety of atoms
      - This enables carbon to form large, complex molecules
      - In molecules with multiple carbons, each carbon bonded to four other atoms has a tetrahedral shape
      - However, when two carbon atoms are joined by a double bond, the atoms joined to the carbons are in the same plane as the carbons
      - The number of unpaired electrons in the valence shell of an atom is generally equal to its valence, the number of covalent bonds it can form
      - The electron configuration or carbon gives it covalent compatibility with many different elements
      - The most frequent bonding partners of carbon are hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
    - - Carbon atoms can partner with atoms other than hydrogen, such as the following: -Carbon dioxide: CO2 (O =C= O) & Urea: CO(NH2)2
      - Carbon atoms can also be linked into chains
      - Carbon chains form the skeletons of most organic molecules
      - Carbon chains vary in length and shape
    - - Hydrocarbons are organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen
      - Hydrocarbons can undergo reactions that release a large amount of energy
      - Many organic molecules, such as fats, have hydrocarbon components
    - - Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties
        
        Cis-trans isomers (also called geometric isomers) have the same covalent bonds but differ in their spatial arrangements
        
        Structural isomers have different covalent arrangements of their atoms
        
        Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other
  - - - Estradiol and testosterone are both steroids with a common carbon skeleton, in the form of four fused rings
      - These sex hormones differ only in the chemical groups attached to the rings of the carbon skeleton
      - Functional groups are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions
      - The number and arrangement of functional groups give each molecule its unique properties
      - The 7 functional groups are as followed: Hydroxyl group, Carbonyl group, Carboxyl group, Amino group, Sulfhydryl group, Phosphate group, and Methyl Group
    - - An important organic phosphate is adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
      - ATP consists of an organic molecule called adenosine attached to a string of three phosphate groups
      - ATP stores the potential to react with water
      - This reaction release energy that can be used by the cell