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chapter 3 and 4 - Coggle Diagram
chapter 3 and 4
CONCEPT 4.1: Organic chemistry is key to the
origin of life
CONCEPT 4.2: Carbon atoms can form diverse
molecules by bonding to four other atoms
Electron configuration determines the kinds and
number of bonds an atom will form with other atoms
Characteristics
EXAMPLE = CH4 ( methane)
Organic chemistry = compounds with carbon can form 4 BONDS - CHON ! Carbon, hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitorgen
as well as 4 covalent bonds as well
Molecular diversty arising from variation in carbon skeleton
for example like CO2 also be written as O=C=O
carbon chain varies in size and length as well
Hydrocarbons = ONLY hydrogen and carbon ORAGNIC moleclues - like fats and lipids
also undergo reactions realsesing huge amounts of energy !
ISOMERS
structural isomers = have different covalent arrangements
cis-trans isomers-= same covalent bonds but differ in arrgaments like Criss cross
enantiomers- isomers mirror themselves as each other.
important in more medicines
concept 3.1 polar covalent bonds in water molecules result in hydrogen bonding
OXYGEN = partial negative charge! making electrons drawn to it. LOVESSS having electrons
HYDROGEN= has partial positive charge, hydrogen bonds happen with opposite charges ( -, + )
H2O= polar covalent bonds associate more WITH O2 than H+. Polar = uneven distribution of - ( electrons)
Ice on Lake! = In ice H2O molecules are further apart ICE - less dense (allowing it to FLOAT)
concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of water contribution to earths suitability for life
water has high specific heat = making it resistant to change in temperature. Unless natural causes occur like the summer
heat is -
absorbed
when hydrogen bonds break ====heat is -
reasled
when hydrogen bonds form
Evaporative cooling - liquid TO gas
Heat of evaporation =
heat a liquid must
absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas
, remain surface cools called evaporative cooling
ALLOWS HOMESTATSIS IN ORGANSIMS. EXAMPLES - humans sweating to cool off
Cohesion= allows H+ bonds to hold together (surface tension) - breaking surface of the liquid. Applies to going against gravity
adhesion = applies to different substances (helps DOWNWARD pull of gravity.)
Water = solvent OF LIFE
solvent = Dissolving agent of solution ( water) solute = substance that you add so it can dissolve !
solution = homogenous mixture / aqueous solution where water is SOLVENT, HYDROPHILLIC - loves to be with water - HYDROPHOBIC - hates to be with water
CONCEPT 4.3: A few chemical groups are key
to molecular function
Estradiol and testosterone are both steroids with
a common carbon skeleton
7 main functional groups
amino group- with mitogens and two hydorgen
Sulfhydryl group- sulfur and hydrogen
carboxyl - COOH - carbon with 2 oxygen and one hydrogen
phosphate group- one phosphorus and 4 oxygen
carbonyl group- carbon and oxygen
Methyl group - is CH3 one carbon and 3 hydrogens
hydroxyl group - on hydrogen and oxygen
adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) = organic PHOSPHATE - STORES protentional to react with H2O
ATP make up - 3 phospahtes , Adenine, ribsose.
3.3 Acidic and basic conditions
affect living organisms
Adding certain solutes, called acids and bases,
modifies the concentrations of H+ and OH–
Acids - substance increases H+ bond concentration / Base - REUCES H+.
PH scale = 0-7 acids , 7-14 bases FORMULA pH = –log [H+]
hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is
transferred as a proton, or hydrogen ion (H+) ACIDS
he molecule that lost the proton is now a
hydroxide ion (OH–) BASES
The molecule with the extra proton is now a
hydronium ion (H3O+),
Buffers = are substances that minimize changes in
concentrations of H+ and OH– in a solution
EVEN SLIGHT CHANGES CAN BE HARMFUL TO ENVIROMENTS
