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Chapter 7 NUTR: Vitamins, Vitamin naming - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 7 NUTR: Vitamins
What are vitamins:
essential nutrients, tasteless, organic compounds(carbon as backbone), needed in small amounts, a definciency will cause physiological symptoms, consuming too much of some can be bad
Vegetables
Folate
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Vitamin K
Fruit
Folate
Vitamin C
Vitamin A
Grains
Folic acid
Niacin
Vitamin B sub 6.
Vitamin B sub 12.
(if fortified)
Riboflavin (gives urine yellow color)
Thiamin
Protein
Niacin
Thiamin(alc. can dry this out)
Vitamin B sub 6. (alcohol consumption can dry this out)
Vitamin B sub 12.
Dairy
Riboflavin
Vitamin A
Vitamin B sub 12.
Vitamin D
B6 B12 B6 B12 B12
Fat soluble vitamins: A,D,E, and K are absorbed with dietary fat and can be stores
Water soluble vitamins: B,C are absorbed with water and enter blood stream direct
VITAMIN C: ascorbic acid, a coenzyme, needed to make collagen, present in connective tissue, acts as antioxidant, helps absorb iron from plant foods, helps maintain strong immune system
RDA: women: 75mg/day , men: 90mg/day, smokers +35mg/day
UL: 2,000 mg to avoid nausea, stomach cramps, diarrhea deficiency is SCURVY
some function as antioxidants, which counteract oxidation by neut. subs. called free radicals
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Free radicals are unstable o2-containing molecules that can damage the cells of the body and possibly contribute to increased risk of chronic diseases
Differ in Bioavailability: the degree to which a nutrient is absorbed from foods and used in the body
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They can be lost due to eat, like if you cook lime juice you loose the vitamin in it
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Vitamin A: Retinoids
preformed vitamin A on found in animal foods, some plants contain provitamin A carotenoids, which are converted to retinol
carotenoids, including beta-carotene are pigments that give color to foods
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Functions: essential for healthy eyes, comp. of rhodopsin and iodopsin are proteins needed for vision
Food sources: organ meats, milk, sweet potato, pumpkin
Too much= skin turn yellow, night blindness, dry eyes, stunt bone growth, carotenodermia, xerophthalmia
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Vitamin K:
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also important for bone healthh, bc bone protein osteocalcin to bind with calcium
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Water soluble vitamins:
B vitamins are coenzymes, many of these produce chemical rxn. in cells
without enough energy we can't use the vitamins in our body
Enrichment Act: Riboflavin, Thiamin, Folate, Iron
Thiamin (b1): (coenzyme) the first B viatmin discovered, given to dry out alcohol consumption
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Riboflavin(coenzyme): f=face, light sensitive vitamin, abundant in milk
food sources: milk,yogurt,enriched cereals and grains
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Niacin(coE): energy metabolism, synthesize fat and cholesterol
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overconsumption: flushing underconsumption(pellegra): 4 D's (dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death) could be due to corn-based diet
Folate(natural) Folic acid (synthetic form): vital for DNA synthesis and red blood cells (prevent anemia), reduce risk for birth defects (neural tube effects) & reduce risk for cancer (400ug)
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food sources: grains, legumes, broccoli, asparagus, leafy greens such as spinach
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Vitamin B6: active forms, pyridoxine (protein metabolism)- this from a lot of foods, too much could cause nerve damage, those w alcohlism are at risk for deficiency
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Vitamin B12: requires intrinsic factor, protein made in stomach (must be taken from animals, nothing else)
R protein in stomach binds to B12 to protect it in stomach, needs intrinsic factor for it to be recognized
pernicious anemia: when people don't have this factor, so need to take injections (typically when trauma to stomch
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Functions: to make DNA, for healthy nerves and cells, esp, red blood cells
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Panothenic acid: assist in energy metabolism (healthy gut=good)
Biotin deficiency: hair loss, skin rash, depression Avidin
Vitamin naming
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They realized that there were complexes in the vitamins, like B12 is a vitamin B complex
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