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Lymphatic/Immune System Yuridia Sigala Period 3 - Coggle Diagram
Lymphatic/Immune System Yuridia Sigala Period 3
Lymphatic System
Returns excess interstitial fluid to bloodstream
Maintains fluid balance
Absorbs dietary lipids (lacteals in small intestine)
Filters pathogens from lymph
Immune System
Protects against pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites)
Recognizes self vs non-self
Produces antibodies
Creates memory for faster secondary response
Location of Lymphatic Organs & Their Functions
Primary Lymphoid Organs Bone marrow → produces all blood cells (hematopoiesis); B cells mature here
Thymus → T cells mature here
Secondary Lymphoid Organs
Lymph nodes → filter lymph; house lymphocytes
Spleen → filters blood; removes old RBCs
Tonsils → trap pathogens entering mouth/nose
Peyer’s patches → monitor intestinal bacteria
First, Second & Third Line of Defense
First Line (External Barriers)
Skin
Mucous membranes
Cilia
Tears & saliva (lysozyme)
Stomach acid
Second Line (Innate Internal Defenses)
Inflammation
Fever
Phagocytosis (macrophages, neutrophils)
Natural killer cells
Complement proteins
Third Line (Adaptive Immunity)
B cells
T cells
Antibody production
Immunological memory
Innate vs Adaptive Immunity
Innate (Nonspecific)
Present at birth
Immediate response
No memory
Same response every time
Adaptive (Specific)
Develops after exposure
Slower first response
Has memory
Stronger second response
Humoral vs Cellular Response
Humoral (Antibody-Mediated)
Involves B cells
B cells → plasma cells
Plasma cells produce antibodies
Targets pathogens in body fluids
Memory B cells formed
Cellular (Cell-Mediated)
Involves T cells
Helper T cells activate immune response
Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells
Memory T cells formed
Antigens & Antibodies
Antigen
Foreign substance that triggers immune response
Found on surface of pathogens
Antibody
Y-shaped protein
Produced by plasma cells
Binds specifically to antigen
Forms antigen-antibody complex
Artificial vs Naturally Acquired Immunity
Naturally Acquired
Infection exposure
Body produces antibodies
Example: Recovering from Influenza
Artificially Acquired
Vaccination
Injection of antibodies
Example: Vaccine for Measles
Passive vs Active Immunity
Active Immunity
Body makes its own antibodies
Long-lasting
Infection or vaccine
Passive Immunity
Ready-made antibodies given
Temporary protection
From mother to baby (placenta/breast milk)
Antibody injections
Cells Involved in the Immune System
cells → produce antibodies
Helper T cells → coordinate response
Cytotoxic T cells → kill infected cells
Regulatory T cells → prevent overreaction
Macrophages → phagocytosis
Neutrophils → first responders
Natural killer cells → destroy abnormal cells
Immune System Disorders
Immunodeficiency Disorders
When the immune system is weakened or does not function properly.
HIV/AIDS → Virus destroys helper T cells, weakening adaptive immunity
Primary immunodeficiency → genetic defect present at birth
Secondary immunodeficiency → develops later (infection, malnutrition, medical treatments)
Autoimmune Disorders
Immune system attacks the body’s own cells (failure to recognize “self”).
Multiple sclerosis → Immune system attacks myelin in the central nervous system
Type 1 diabetes → Immune system destroys insulin-producing beta cells in pancreas
Hypersensitivity (Allergic Reactions)
Immune system overreacts to harmless substances.
Allergens → pollen, dust, food
Histamine release
Inflammation
Severe reaction: anaphylaxis