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archaeology -- of human ecology interaction 2 - Coggle Diagram
archaeology -- of human ecology interaction 2
archaeology - overemphasise ecology
history of the discipline has been shaped by insights by the natural science
ecology and environment has been around
archaeology of and the environment
Macro / global changes
the environment changes, so did human engagement
global proxies for changing environment
climate + sealevels
picture of an icecore:
every year new ice and snow is being put on icesheets, which creates something similar to the inside of a tree and its layers. it gives information about the conditions of different periods
global shifts
reconstructing the regional evironment
'' climate, landscape, vegetation, fauna, cultural landscape
role of entangled
proxies
tree rings & lakes
landscape
geomorphology: the study of landforms and actors
soil
cultural landscape
reconstructing meso environmetns
microbotanical
hard to spot with the naked eye, bacteria, pollens
more local, micro-landscape, but can be extrapolated to region
often, microscopic visual inspection
seaved from soil
proxis
tend to preserve a bit better
fittlelids?
pollen
pollen fail with grasses - they look to much alike
macrobotanical remains
cheaper to analyse
they preserve really bad
reconstructing macro environments
environmental archaeology
bio-archeology = study of human remains - becoming more imporant. past 30 years Environmental archaeology was really important
archaeology - understanding views in context
sites, habitatian place
environmental archaeology:
understanding the landscape - reconstructing the environment.
what defines the environment
climate
vegetation
fauna
physical environment (soil & raw material)
human "infrastructure"
threats
landscape determinisim - environmental determenism
everything is defined by -- straightforward to over emphasise the environment etc.
functionalism
locating the agency
humans have the agency to shape their evironment
cartographic view on the world
environmental archaeology --- landscape archaeology ---- geoarchaeology
in their own words
geoarchaeology
mostly zooming in on reconstructing of the physical environment
soi conditions, rivers, mostly the physical environment
how rivers flow different etc.
environmental
mostly zoomed in on reconstruction the climital constructions
vegetation
landscape
focusses on the landscape
defined by physical environment & climate
it takes cultural landscape into account
the field systems, villages, watch towers, roads and bridges, cemetries etc. --> define what landscape looks like
GIS
-- geographic information system
archaeology of diet and livelihood strategies
archaeozoology
archaeobotany
similar techniques as environmetnal archaeology
Taphonomy
context
importance pollne, but challenge of influence environmntal plants
seasonality huge
discussion
difficulty preservation seeds and nuts
very expensive
DNa revolution domestication
proteomics / zooms
study of ancient proteins
kits for applying it to especially faunal remains
cost effective
ancient proteins preserve "(slightly) better
DNA degrades heat
works well on residue analysis
you can only decipher a few things
animals and plants work but things like fish are difficult
teeth
case study solution
biomolecular archeology
isotop research all graveyards North and South Limes, different types of sites
Isotope study
cremations challenge
strontium isotope
soil where you grow food and farm animals
iron age not indication of different diet, soil, where food was grown + diet