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Five Management Approaches - Coggle Diagram
Five Management Approaches
The Classical Approach
Main Features: Focuses on rationality, efficiency, and hierarchy. Views workers as "economic beings" motivated by money.
Key Concepts: Scientific Management, Administrative Principles (Fayol’s 14 principles), Bureaucracy, Time and Motion studies.
Main Contributors:
Frederick W. Taylor
Henri Fayol
Max Weber.
Limitations: Ignores social/psychological needs of workers; too rigid and mechanistic.
Time Period: Late 19th century to early 20th century (Industrial Revolution).
Example Application: Assembly lines in manufacturing plants (e.g., Ford) where tasks are highly standardized.
The Behavioral Approach
Example Application: Modern tech companies (e.g., Google) offering flexible perks and wellness programs to boost morale.
Main Features: Focuses on understanding human behavior, motivation, and group dynamics in the workplace.
Main Contributors
Abraham Maslow
Douglas McGregor
Elton Mayo
Key Concepts: Hawthorne Studies, Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs, Theory X and Theory Y.
Time Period: 1920s to 1950s.
Limitations: Human behavior is complex and unpredictable; high job satisfaction does not always guarantee high productivity.
The Management Science Approach
Time Period: Post-World War II (1940s to present).
Main Contributors: Operations researchers, mathematicians
Main Features: Uses mathematical models, statistics, and quantitative techniques for decision-making.
Key Concepts : Operations Research, Linear Programming, Queuing Theory, Forecasting models.
Limitations: Quantitative models cannot account for "soft" factors like employee emotions or office politics.
Example Application: Airlines using algorithms to optimize flight schedules and dynamic seat pricing.
The System Approach
Limitations: Can be overly complex to map out every single interaction within a large organization.
Example Application: A hospital where the pharmacy, lab, and doctors must coordinate perfectly to treat a patient.
Main Contributors
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Chester Barnard.
Main Features: Views the organization as a set of interrelated parts working together to achieve a goal (Inputs -> Transformation -> Outputs)
Time Period: 1950s to present.
Main Features: Views the organization as a set of interrelated parts working together to achieve a goal (Inputs -> Transformation -> Outputs)
The Contingency Approach
Example Application: A manager using a "directive" style during an emergency but a "participative" style during a brainstorming session.
Limitations: Requires highly experienced managers who can accurately analyze and adapt to changing situations.
Main Contributors
Paul Hersey
Fred Fiedler
Ken Blanchard
Main Features: There is "no one best way" to manage. The best style depends on the specific situation or context.
Time Period: 1960s to present.
Key Concepts/Tools: "If-Then" thinking, Situational variables (size, technology, environmental uncertainty).