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Why was there a Revolution in China in 1911 - Coggle Diagram
Why was there a Revolution in China in 1911
Qing Dynasty / Manchu Weakness (Political Weakness)
Ethnic resentment
Manchus were a minority ruling over Han Chinese majority
Seen as foreign rulers: loss of legitimacy
Failure to modernise effectively
Self-Strengthening Movement had limited success
Military and government still outdated
Corruption and inefficiency
Officials often corrupt
Poor handling of crises and reforms
Cixi / Tsu-chi. Epitome of a corrupt conservative ruler at the time
Late and unpopular reforms
Constitutional reforms came too late
Angered both conservatives and reformers
Foreign Powers (Including Japan) – War + Political + Economic
Unequal treaties
Loss of Chinese sovereignty
Foreign control of trade and territory
Sphere of influence system
Western powers and Japan controlled ports and railways
Sino-Japanese War (1894-95)
China lost Korea
Shocked population and proved Qing weakness
Foreign economic domination
Foreign businesses dominated industry
Increased poverty and resentment
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)
Anti-foreign and anti-Christian uprising
Qing initially supported Boxers
Foreign alliance crushed rebellion
Consequences
Huge compensation payments (Boxer Indemnity)
Foreign troops stationed in China
Qing prestige destroyed
Increased taxes that angered the population
Sun Yat-sen & Revolutionary Ideas (Social + Political)
Leader of Chinese nationalism
Formed revolutionary groups like Tongmenghui
Three Principles of the People
Nationalism
Remove foreign influence
End Machu rule
Democracy
Replace monarchy with republic
People’s Livelihood
Economic fairness
Land reform ideas
Yuan Shikai
Powerful military leader
Controlled modern Beiyang Army
Qing depended on him to stop revolution
Forced emperor to abdicate
Eventually turned against Qing
Made revolution successful
Ends up trying to take China back to imperialism
Economic Problems (Including Taxes)
Population growth led to food shortages
Poverty and unemployment rising
Heavy taxation
Needed to pay foreign debts
Railway nationalisation crisis (1911)
Government took railways from local investors
Triggered protests and sparked Wuchang Uprising
Immediate Trigger
Wuchang Uprising (October 1911)
Military revolt spread rapidly
Provinces declared independence
Qing government collapsed