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Lean production, DOWNTIME, Acabar/ preguntar profe - Coggle Diagram

- - - - The percentage of items returned by unsatisfied customers
    - - Incidents of products brought back to be corrected
    - - The percentage of output considered not fit for sale
    - - customer loyalty
      - market share
      - customer satisfaction
  - - - quality management in which a supervisor or inspector periodically checks and examines output for possible defects, usually at the end of the production process.
      - Specialist inspectors are gired to maintain quality standards
      - evaluation
        
        adv
        
        cheaper than quality assuranceas fewer workers are needed
        
        Gives a competitive advantage over other competitors
        
        Quality controllers are exports
        
        quality control prevents poor quality output reaching the end user
        
        Dis
        
        can result in larger volumes of substandard products
        
        Quality control also has an accepted reject rate, unlike in quality assurance where the aim is 0
        
        Does not prevent mistakes, so more waste is created
    - - a lean approach to quality management as it involves all employees in the quality process.
      - QA focusses on empowering all staff to check their own work throughout the production process, rather than relying on quality controllers to inspect the final output.
      - Evaluation
        
        dis
        
        only works if staff members are committed
        
        not allways feasiable
        
        expensive ot give sufficient education
        
        adv
        
        employees can help generate new ideas
        
        it reduces cost of people who manage quality
        
        Can improve level of motivation as workers feel more responsabl
        
        proactive instead of preventative
    - - quality circles
        
        involves groups of workers meeting regularly to identify and solve quality problems in the production process
        
        adv
        
        improved motivation
        
        higher productivity
        
        Employees often understand daily processes well, so the ideas they suggest are likely to be relevant and effective
        
        dis
        
        needs a lot of time and good organisation
        
        training required to ensure the process is efficient
        
        needs the manager to trust their employees
      - Benchamrking
        
        involves a business comparing its quality and performance with market leaders within the same industry
        
        internal benchmarking
        
        Comparison of different functions within a business such as finance and marketing
        
        process
        
        Comparison of business operations and processes such as call centre queue times or delivery times
        
        performance
        
        Comparison of key performance indicators such as labour productivity or labour turnover rates
        
        External benchmarking
        
        Comparing the performance of the organisation agains those of the market leaders in the industry
        
        Evaluation
        
        Adv
        
        can help identify innovative practices and processes
        
        Can support the setting of realistic performance goals by comparing current performance with industry standards
        
        learning from the best practice of other successful companies
        
        Workers may feel a sense of pride and motivation
        
        Dis
        
        Best practices from market leaders may not always be directly applicable to the unique needs of a specific business
        
        Small businesses may struggle to find the time and resources for data collection, analysis and implementation required for benchmarking
        
        Differences in metrics used to measure performance can affect the accuracy and comparability of benchmarking data
        
        Focusing too much on benchmarking against competitors may lead to a narrow view of success that ignores ideas for improvements that come from other sources
      - Total quality management
        
        places quality at its core and makes every worker responsible for quality throughout the business
        
        adv
        
        positive culture
        
        improved efficienct
        
        less waste
        
        less enviromental impact
        
        dis
        
        strong leadership needed
        
        commitment and training
- - - - Unnecessary and excessive transportation
    - - Delays in the production process
    - - stockpiling
    - - When production is more than necessary
    - - Ecxcess worker movement between worksttations or between different job roles
    - - This refers to output that is substandard, so has to be re-produced or re-processed, and then inspected.
    - - Adding more features or functions than necessary
  - - - output per worker
      - output per machine hour
      - avarage costs per nuit output
      - sales per person
    - - improved technologies and capital equipment
      - Imporved provision of training and development for all employees
      - improved level of motivation
- - - - Zero defects in manufacturing
      - High levels of automaiton
      - team working and quality circles
      - High levels of cooperation between workers and management
      - TQM
    - - they give sugestions to improve the business
    - - Dis
        
        comitment from all staff
        
        long term inpact
        
        high resistance to cultural change
        
        slow paced
      - Adv
        
        Reduced waste
        
        Empowerment of employees
        
        Enhanced operatoin efficiency
  - - - Advantages
        
        It avoids the costs of stockpiling , such as the cost of storage
        
        The above points can also improve the firm’s cash (liquidity) position.
        
        Buffer stocks are not required, so this reduces the costs of stock management and waste.
        
        Stock holding costs are minimised
        
        Unused storage space is available for productive use
      - Disadvantages
        
        no way to respond to an increaes in demand
        
        Administrative costs are increased
        
        No advantage of economies of scale
        
        unreliable suppliers can create problems
  - - - reduce
      - rot(biodegradable
      - recycñe
      - reuse
      - refuse
    - - Adv
        
        eliminating waste
        
        reduces enviromental impact
        
        economic benefits
        
        Better brand image
      - Dis
        
        implementation difficulty
        
        dependancy of infrastructure
        
        High initial costs