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Beliefs in Society: Relationships between different social groups and…

- - - - How does it lead to increased religiosity?
        By providing support + a sense of community for minority groups in their new environment. This is explanation that HERBERG (1955) gives high levels of religious participation among first generation immigrants in the USA.
      - How does cultural transition explain decreasing religiosity?
        Once a group has made a transition into the wider society, religion may lose its role + decline in importance (as was case with Irish Catholics).
      - PRYCE (1979) study- shows that both cultural transition and defence
        Study of African Caribbean in Bristol shows that both cultural defence + cultural transition have been important. Argues that Pentecostalism helped AC to adapt to British society, playing kind of 'protestant ethic' role in helping its members to succeed by encouraging self-reliance + thrift, and giving people mutual support + hope of improving their situation.
    - - How does this explain the higher religiosity of ethnic minorities?
        Ethnic minorities are more likely to experience racism, discrimination + hostility within society + religion can be a way of coping with the oppression of this.
      - Why may immigrants be more likely to be religious?
        Religion could be one way to preserve culture + language + form the basis for community solidarity- this would be particularly important for newer migrants.
      - Where is the evidence for cultural defence?
        BRIERLEY: shows significant growth of new churches in London catering for specific languages + nationalities as a result of recent immigrant- the growth of 'black' churches demonstrates a need for community solidarity against racist society (exclusion from 'white' churches).
  - - - Many members of minority ethnic groups originate in societies that have high levels of religiosity, such as Pakistan and the Caribbean
        
        Belonging to minority ethnic groups within a society means that religion can be an important basis for sense of community and solidarity. It can give members a point of contact sense of identity and introduce them to potential marriae partners
        
        Minority groups see religion as a way of maintaining cultural identity in terms of traditions (e.g. food, language)
        
        Socialisation can lead to strong pressure on children to maintain religious commitment (Asian groups)
        
        Religious beliefs may be a way to cope with oppression
- - - - Gender differences in risk-taking: by being non-religious you risk that you may go to hell. Men less risk-adverse than women. DAVIE: childbirth much less fatal now, so Western women are less religious.
        
        Women socialisated to be passive & obedient: these qualities are valued by religion so women are attracted to it. Men with these qualities are more likely to be religious.
        
        Women more likely to have more time: women often work part-time/carers. Attracted to Church for gender identity.
- - - - However, this high attendance of U15s is declining.
        BRIERLY: by 2025, young people will make up only 2.5% of church attenders and half of all English churches will have no people U20 attending at all.
        
        However: he was wrong. 18-24: 16% at least monthly (2024)- up from 4% in 2018.