Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Chapter 4: Carbon and Molecular Diversity - Coggle Diagram
Chapter 4: Carbon and Molecular Diversity
4.1 Organic Chemistry
Evolution
1953, Stanley Miller
experiment: abiotic (nonliving)
investigated the origin of life
concluded: complex organic molecules could spontaneously arise under certain conditions
Experiment
closed system that mimicked early Earth conditions
water flask simulated the primeval sea
water vaporized: "atmosphere"
sparks discharged
mimicked lighting
results
formaldehyde (CH2O)
hydrogen cyanide (HCN)
amino acids
long chains of carbon
hydrocarbons
Conclusion
organic molecules
may have been synthesized abiotically
later evidence
2 more items...
compounds containing carbon
range from simple to colossal
simple: methane (CH4)
colossal: proteins have thousands of atoms
4.3 Chemical Groups
Process of Life
functional groups
atoms attach to carbon skeletons
involved in chemical reactions
certain shapes
certain charges
7 chemical groups
amino group
chemically reactive
hydrophilic
increase solubility
sulfhydryl group
chemically reactive
carboxyl group
chemically reactive
hydrophilic
increase solubility
phosphate group
chemically reactive
hydrophilic
increase solubility
carbonyl group
chemically reactive
hydrophilic
increase solubility
methyl group
not reactive
recognizable tag on biological molecules
hydroxyl group
chemically reactive
hydrophilic
increase solubility
steroids
estradiol (type of estrogen)
female
testosterone
male
organic molecules
common carbon skeleton
shape: 4 fused rings
differ in the chemical groups attached to the rings
ATP
organic phosphate
adenosine triphosphate
organic molecule: adenosine
phosphate group
phosphate group
phosphate group
may split off
results in a reaction with water
with 2 phosphates: adenosine
di
phosphate
(ADP)
storing the potential to react
releases energy
used by the cell
distinctive properties
arrangement of carbon s
various chemical groups
participate in chemical
contribute to function indirectly
molecular shape
give molecules unique properties
Elements of Life
oxygen
hydrogen
carbon
virtuoso of the covalent bond
versatile
diversity in organic molecules
nitrogen
small amount of sulfur
small amount of phosphorus
all elements form strong covalent bonds
4.2 Carbon Atoms
Carbon Skeletons
carbon chains
basis of most organic molecules
some have double bonds
vary in # and location
important source of molecular complexity and diversity
skeletons of biological molecules
include atoms of different elements
oxygen
1 more item...
phosphorus
1 more item...
vary in length
may be straight
may be branched
may be arranged in closed rings
Hydrocarbon
organic molecules consisting of C and H
hydrogen atoms attach to carbon skeletons
wherever electrons are available for covalent bonding
major components of petroleum
fossil fuel
consists of partially decomposed remains of organisms
fats
long hydrocarbon tails
attached to nonhydrocarbon components
hydrophobic
nonpolar carbon-to-hydrogen linkages
undergo reactions
release large amounts of energy
gasoline
hydrocarbon tails of fats
serve as stored fuel
for seeds and animals
Bonds with Carbon
Carbon shares 4 electrons
each pair makes a covalent bond
organic molecules
carbon forms single or double covalent bonds
carbon atoms act as intersection points
enables carbon to form large, complex molecules
forms 4 single covalent bonds
arrangement of its four hybrid orbitals
causes bonds to angle toward the corners
CH4 are 109.5 degrees
tetrahedrons
two carbon atoms
double bond
C2H4
same plane
frequent bonding partners
oxygen
nitrogen
hydrogen
Isomers
compounds that have same # of atoms
different structures
therefore, different properties
cis-trans
(
geometric isomers)
carbons have covalent bonds
to same atoms
atoms differ in spatial arrangements
inflexible double bonds
no rotation
joins two carbons, then each C has 2 groups of atoms attached
1 more item...
single bonds
atoms join to rotate freely about the bond axis
compound remains unchanged
enantiomers
mirror images of each other
because of
asymmetric carbon
1 attached to 4 different atoms
groups can be arranged symmetrically
1 is usually active
binds to molecules in an organism
pharmaceutical industry
2 may not be effecrive
albuterol
ibuprofen
methamphetamine
occurs in 2 enantiomers
have different effects
structural isomers
differ covalent arrangements of their atoms
atom's chemical characteristics
electron configuration
determines the kinds and # if bonds